Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the

students will be able to:
1.design a research useful in daily
life/relevant to their chosen field;
2.write a research title; and
3.Describe the justifications/reasons
for conducting the research.
The Background of the study
It includes a review of the are
being researched, current
information surrounding the
issue, previous studies on the
issue, and relevant history on
the issue. (Hearst Seattle
Media, LLC, 2017)
C.A.R.S. Model by John Swales
Writing Research Introductions
Create A Research Space
John Swales analyzed over a hundred
thesis papers to find out if there is
uniform/emerging structure of
writing a research introduction.
 Move 1: Establishing a Territory [the
situation]

This is generally accomplished in two ways: (a) by

demonstrating that a general area of research is
important, critical, interesting, problematic, relevant,
or otherwise worthy of investigation and (b) by
introducing and reviewing key sources of prior
research in that area to show where gaps exist or where
prior research has been inadequate in addressing the
research problem.
Previous studies on Villa’s poetry discussed the functions of comma as
his style. San Juan (2010) attests to how Villa appeals to his readers: “it
is ironic for a poet obsessed with uniqueness, singularity, essence,
angels, gods, and genius to be swallowed up in the homogenizing
universe of absurdity” (p. 21). This nihilism displayed by Villa in his
works exhibits language that means and signifies nothing. T. Yu (2004)
stresses that Villa’s poetry (compared to his novels) “emerges in the
shuttling between two poles” (p. 50), implying that Villa is simply
exposing the contradiction he inhabits. As this raised an issue whether
Villa is trying to be different, Park (2013) posits that Villa hinted that
these commas, for him, are much more than mere punctuation marks as
seen in the development of his comma poems.

STEP 1, STEP 2, STEP 3

Buena, M. (2019). Semantic deviations in Jose Garcia Villa’s

“Poem 130”: A stylistic analysis. Asian Journal of English Language
Studies, 7 pp. 67-83. (to be published December 2019)
Park (2013) also notes that allegedly, Villa artificially
recreated words and restyled the English language through
the articulation of commas as they produce, in Villa’s (2008)
own words, “a lineal pace of quiet dignity and movement” (p.
6). This quotation supports T. Yu’s claim (2004) that Villa
can only speak through a highly constrained set of discourses
but never claims that this is his own making. This raises an
issue as to how Villa reaches his readers.

MOVE 2- Question Raising

Buena, M. (2019). Semantic deviations in Jose Garcia Villa’s

“Poem 130”: A stylistic analysis. Asian Journal of English
Language Studies, 7 pp. 67-83. (to be published December
2019)
The present study draws upon Leech’s (2007) semantic deviation
theories. According to his framework, stylistic analysis refers to
the application of concepts from linguistics and allied disciplines
in the interpretation of samples of communication through
language. Villa’s poem “Poem 130” served as the text for stylistic
analysis in the present study. While several studies on Villa’s
poetry dealt with themes such as his Orientalist style (Yu, 2004),
subaltern poetics (San Juan, 2010), Hispanic resonance (Park,
2013), and biographical analysis (Abing, 2018), the stylistic
analysis of the semantic category is explored in this study, which
is the gap this paper attempts to fill. The study is structured as
follows: (a) Introduction, (b) Research Methodology, (c) Results
and Discussion, and (d) Conclusion.

STEP 1, STEP 2, STEP 3

Buena, M. (2019). Semantic deviations in Jose Garcia Villa’s

“Poem 130”: A stylistic analysis. Asian Journal of English
Language Studies, 7 pp. 67-83. (to be published December 2019)
SOURCES IN FORMULATING RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
• Textbooks
• Reference books
• Magazine and newspapers
• Journals
• General or subject specific article
database
• Researcher
• Google
RESEARCH QUESTION

• a statement that identifies the

phenomenon to be studied.
• a clear, focused, concise,
complex and arguable question.
STEPS TO FORMULATING A RESEARCH
QUESTION:

• Choose an interesting
topic
• Do some preliminary
research on a topic
• Consider your audience
• Start asking questions
GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION

1. It provides direction
2. Is neither too broad nor too narrow
3. It sets boundaries
4. Relevant
5. Manageable
6. Substantial and original
7. Consistent with the requirements of assessment
8. Clear and simple
9. Interesting
CYCLE OF RESEARCH QUESTION
 

Ideas Methods

The
Research
Question

Reading Ideas
WHERE QUESTIONS COME FROM

1.Personal experience
2.Theory
3.Observations
4.Contemporary issues
5.Engagement with the literature
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RESEARCH
QUESTION, HYPOTHESES AND SPECIFIC AIMS

The Research
Why is this
Process
research
important?
What have
other people Research Question-Broad Based Inquiry
done? What
have they
found
Hypothesi
Hypothesis Hypothesis
s

Specific Aims-
The steps to test hypothesis
COMMON MISTAKES WHEN FORMULATNG
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
PROBLEM: Topic is too narrow.
How will an increase in the number of charter schools in
Marawi impact the local public schools in the area?

SOLUTION: Rewrite it so that it is broad enough to

include scholarly information.

How does an increase in the number of charter schools in

small towns impact the local schools in the area?
COMMON MISTAKES WHEN FORMULATNG
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
PROBLEM: Topic is too current.

The recent declaration of Martial Law

SOLUTION: Try a related topic that

has a greater timespan.

The merits of Martial Law of 1973

COMMON MISTAKES WHEN FORMULATNG
RESEARCH QUESTION
PROBLEM: Topic can be answered with
an encyclopedia or dictionary.

What is evolution?

SOLUTION: Reword the topic to

require research and creative
thought.

Why should evolution be taught in schools?

COMMON MISTAKES WHEN FORMULATNG
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
PROBLEM: Questions are too broad or
vague.

How does television influence viewers?

SOLUTION: Reword so that the questions

are focused and more defined.

How does viewing of cartoons on television by

children under age of 2 affect their cognitive
development?
COMMON MISTAKES WHEN FORMULATNG
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
PROBLEM: Question can be answered with
a simple “yes” or “no”.

Should evolution be taught in schools?

SOLUTION: reword the topic to elicit more

than a simple “yes” or “no”.

Why should evolution be taught in schools?

SAMPLE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Language Education and Curriculum Development
Title: Levels of Competence of English Teachers in Language Teaching
and Students Academic Performance: Basis for a Competency-Based
Curriculum in English for Teacher Education
Research Question/Statement of the Problem
1. What is the academic profile of English teachers in participating
educational institutions in terms of?
2. What is the level of competence of English teachers in the following
language-specific areas as rated by the teachers themselves, their
Department Heads, and by their students?
3. What is the extend of variations in the competencies of English
teachers
4. What is the level of performance of students in the participating
schools?
5. Based on the findings of the study, what competency-based
curriculum maybe proposed for teacher education at the tertiary pre-
service level
SAMPLE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The Humanities and Literature

Title: The Poetry of Danton Remoto: A New Criticism
Reading
Research Question/Statement of the Problem
1. Who are the persona and addressee in each of the
poems?
2. What situations is talked about?
3. What are the images used in his poetry?
4. What are the symbols used in his poetry?
5. What objective correlatives did he used?
6. What are the central metaphors in his poems?
7. What is the structure of the poem?
8. How does it speak of life?
9. Is there organic unity in his poetry?
10. What are the themes in Remoto’s poetry?
1. Relevant
The research questions
2. Manageable in terms of research and
in terms of your own academic
abilities
3. Substantial and with original
dimensions
4. Consistent with the requirements of
the assessment.
5. Clear and simple
The research questions
Two types research questions
The research questions for different
qualitative methodologies
 Scope and delimitation
Scope of study is a section of a research
paper that explains what information or
subject is being analyzed.

Examples:
1. Time period (observation, if relevant,
why?)
2.Sample size
3.Geographical area (Description, why?)
4.Respondents (Description)
 Scope and delimitation
Delimitation of study is the explanation
of the scope of study.

Structure (1 sentence each, if possible)

1. Explain certain aspects of a subject
chosen
2.Include why others are not included.
3.Explain chosen method and why certain
theories apply
Using aScope
table,and
cite delimitation
the differences of
limitation and delimitation.
How to indicate the scope and delimitation
Start with prompts…
of a study (Scope)

1. The coverage of the

study…
2.The study consists…
3.The study covers the…
4.The study is focused on…
 Scope (1what
1. Explain sentence each)
information
or subject is being studied
2. Explain the limitations of
the research like the
sample size, time frame,
geographical area,
subjects, objectives,
facilities, and the issues
to which the research is
 Delimitation
Start with any of these
sample phrases that express
the delimitation of the study:

1. The study does not cover

the…
2. The researcher limited
this research to…
3. This study is limited to…
1. Delimitation
Describe the (1 sentence
scope each)
of the study.
2. Explain why definite aspects of a
subject were chosen and why
others were excluded.
3. Mention the research method
used as well as the certain
theories that applied to the data.
4. Explain why you are delimiting
the research…
5. Identify the constraints or
weaknesses…
 Significance of the study

1.Identify the beneficiaries.

2.Use the format.
The research title
The research title summarizes the
main idea or ideas of your study. A
good title contains the fewest
possible words needed to adequately
describe the content and/or purpose
of your research paper. (University
of Southern California, 2017)
What is my paper about?
The research title
What techniques/designs will
be used?
Who will be studied?
Identify keywords (at least
five)
Create a sentence that
includes the key words you
listed
Delete all
unnecessary/repetitive words
and link the remaining.
Delete non-essential
information and reword the
title