Osi Model

OSI MODEL
Mrs.AKSHATHA, Dept.of Computer Science, Sri Mahaveera College

The OSI Model
 OSI - “ Open Systems Interconnection".
 First introduced in 1984 by the

International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).
 Has7 different layers that interact with

each other.
2
What is layering in Networked
computing?
– Breaking down communication into smaller,
simpler parts.
3
Why a layered model?
– Easier to teach communication process.

– Speeds development, changes in one layer
does not affect how the other levels works.
– Standardization across manufactures.
– Allows different hardware and software to
work together.
– Reduces complexity
4
Seven Layers of OSI Model
ALOUD
PASSWORDS
SECRET
TELL
NOT
DO
PLEASE
5
An exchange using the OSI model
6
Physical layer
7
Physical layer contd..
• Physical layer is the bottom i.e., layer 1.
• It is responsible for the actual physical

connection between the devices.
• It is responsible for movements of individual
bits from one node to next.
8
Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from

one hop (node) to the next.
9
Data Link Layer contd..
 Framing:- divides the data from N/W layer into frames.
 Physical Addressing:- Add a header to the frame to define the

physical address of the source and the destination machines.
 Flow Control:- It is the traffic regulatory mechanism implemented by

Data Link layer that prevents the fast sender from drowning the slow
receiver.
 Error Control:- It provides the mechanism of error control in which it

detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames.
 Feedback:- after transmitting the frames, the system waits for the
feedback.
10
Network layer
11
Network layer contd..
 It is responsible for the source to destination
delivery of a packets across multiple networks.
 Routing:- Provide mechanism to transmit data over

independent networks that are linked together.
 Logical addressing:- Adds Logical addresses of

sender and Receiver.
12
Network layer contd..
 It oversees source-to-destination delivery of
individual packets, it does not recognize any
relationship between those packets. It treats each
one independently, as though each piece belongs to
a separate message, whether or not it does.
13
Transport layer
It is responsible for source process to destination

process delivery of entire message.
14
Transport layer contd..
 Segmentation and Reassembly: Divide the message
received from Session layer into Segments and number
them to make a sequence for reassembly at the receiving
side.
 Service point addressing: Transport layer makes sure
that the message is delivered to the correct process on
destination machine.
 Error Control: Make sure that the entire message arrives
without errors else retransmit.
 Flow Control: Transport layer makes sure that the sender
and the receiver communicate at a rate they both can.
15
Session layer
It is responsible for beginning, maintaining & ending the

communication between two devices, which is called
Session.
16
Session layer contd..
• Dialog control : The session layer allows two systems to enter into
a dialog. It allows the communication between two processes to
take place in either half duplex (one way at a time) or full-duplex
(two ways at a time) mode.
• Synchronization: The session layer allows a process to add

checkpoints, or synchronization points, to a stream of data. For
example, if a system is sending a file of 2000 pages, it is advisable
to insert checkpoints after every 100 pages to ensure that each 100-
page unit is received and acknowledged independently. In this case,
if a crash happens during the transmission of page 523, the only
pages that need to be resent after system recovery are pages 501
to 523. Pages previous to 501 need not be resent.
17
Presentation layer
This layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of

the information exchanged between two systems.
18
Presentation layer contd..
 Data Translation: The information must be changed to bit
streams before being transmitted.
 Data Encryption: For security and privacy purpose.
Encryption means that the sender transforms the original
information to another form and sends the resulting
message out over the network. Decryption reverses the
original process to transform the message back to its
original form.
 Data Compression: Data compression reduces the
number of bits contained in the information.Data
compression becomes particularly important in the
transmission of multimedia such as text, audio, and video.
19
Application layer
Provides User interfaces and support for Services, like

email, file transfer.
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Application layer contd..
 Network Virtual terminal: It allows a user to log on to a
remote host.
 File Transfer Access, and Management: This
application allows a user to access files in a remote
host.
 Mail Services: This application provides various e-mail
services.
 Directory Services: This application provides the
distributed database sources and access for global
information about various objects and services.
21
Summary of layers
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The OSI compare to the regular Post Office.
• A- Write a 20 page letter to a foreign country.
Application
• P- Translate the letter so the receiver can read it.
Presentation
• S- Ensure the intended recipient can receive letter.
Session
• T- Separate and number pages. Like registered mail,
tracks delivery and requests another package if one is
Transport “lost” or “damaged” in the mail.
• N- Postal Center sorting letters by zip code to route

Network them closer to destination.
Data-Link • D- Local Post Office determining which vehicles to

deliver letters.
Physical • P- Physical Trucks, Planes, Rail, autos, etc which

carry letter between stations.
23
THANKYOU...
24

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OSI MODEL

Mrs.AKSHATHA, Dept.of Computer Science, Sri Mahaveera College

 OSI - “ Open Systems Interconnection".

 First introduced in 1984 by the

 Has7 different layers that interact with

– Easier to teach communication process.

• Physical layer is the bottom i.e., layer 1.

• It is responsible for the actual physical

The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from

 Physical Addressing:- Add a header to the frame to define the

 Flow Control:- It is the traffic regulatory mechanism implemented by

 Error Control:- It provides the mechanism of error control in which it

 Routing:- Provide mechanism to transmit data over

 Logical addressing:- Adds Logical addresses of

It is responsible for source process to destination

It is responsible for beginning, maintaining & ending the

• Synchronization: The session layer allows a process to add

This layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of

Provides User interfaces and support for Services, like

• N- Postal Center sorting letters by zip code to route

Data-Link • D- Local Post Office determining which vehicles to

Physical • P- Physical Trucks, Planes, Rail, autos, etc which

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