THE TODDLER AND

THE FAMILY
by: albert Jerome d. villanueva / aj

RESILIENCE COMPETENCE CREATIVITY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

toddler
• A young child who is learning to walk with short unsteady
steps
Growth and development
• Biologic development
• Developmental milestone
• Psychosocial
• Spiritual
• Sexuality
• Body image development
Biologic development
• Proportional changes
• Sensory changes
• maturation of systems
• Gross and fine motor development
Gross and fine motor development
12- 13 months of age
• walk alone
18 months
• They try to run but fall easily
Between 2 and 3 yrs of age,
• refinement of the upright, biped position is evident in improved coordination and equilibrium
2 yrs of age
• they can walk up and down stairs
2.5 yrs
• they can stand on foot
• walk on tip toe
• climb stairs with alternate footing
Development in skillful manual
dexterity
12 months
• toddlers are able to grasp a very small object but are unable to release it at will
15 months
• They can drop a raisin into narrow necked bottle
• Casting or throwing objects and retrieving them become almost obsessive activities
18 months
• They can throw a ball without losing balance
2 yrs of age
• They use their hands to build towers
3 yrs
• They draw circles
Psychosocial development
• Differentiation of self from other, particularly the mother
• Toleration of separation from parent
• Ability to withstand delayed gratification
• Control over bodily functions
• Verbal means of communication
• Ability to interact with other in a less egocentric manner
Between the ages of 1-2 years, your
child will:
• Recognize herself in the mirror
• Begin to say ‘no’ to bedtime and other requests
• Enjoy dancing to music
• Imitate adults’ actions and words (e.g. chores)
• Understand words and commands, and respond to them
• Begin to match similar objects
• Recognize and find familiar objects in storybooks with
some help
• Understand the difference between “you” and “me”
• Feel proud when doing things independently
Between the ages of 2-3 years, your
child will:
• Understand simple stories
• Respond to simple directions
• Name some objects in a book
• Group objects by category (e.g. animals, clothing, food)
• Play pretend with dolls or stuffed animals
• Stack rings on a peg in order of size
• Put together simple puzzles (3-4 piece inset puzzles)
• Identify herself in a mirror, saying “baby” or her own name
• Tell others what he is doing
• Learn to count “1-2-3”
Social development
Age 1
• Begin basic communication
• recognize familiar people
• Interact with you
Age 2
• Begin to socialize
• Defend territory
• Extend relationships to other people
Age 3
• Seek out others
• Use his imagination
• Start to understand emotions
Age 4
• Show interest in being part of a group
• Share and cooperate more with others
• Be physically affectionate
• Exert more independence
Spiritual and sexuality development
Body image development
• Developing psychologic understanding
• Provides greater self awareness
During 2nd year
• Recognized them-selves
Body image development
• With increasing motor ability, toddlers recognized the
usefulness of body parts and gradually learn their names
• They also learn that certain parts of body have various
meanings
Normal growth and development
health promotion for toddlers
Immunizations
• 12 to 15 months - Inactivated poliovirus (IPV) (third dose
between 6 to 18 months); Haemophilus influenzae type B
(Hib); pneumococcal vaccine (PCV); measles, mumps,
and rubella (MMR); and varicella
• 12 to 23 months - Hepatitis A (Hep A), given in two doses
at least 6 months apart
• 15 to 18 months - Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and
pertussis (DTaP)
• 12 to 36 months - Yearly seasonal trivalent inactivated
influenza vaccine (TIV); live, attenuated
influenza vaccine (LAIV) by nasal spray (at 2 years of
age)
Nutrition
• Toddlers begin developing taste preferences, and are generally
picky eaters who repeatedly request their favorite foods.
• Physiologic anorexia occurs, resulting in toddlers becoming
fussy eaters because of a
decreased appetite.
• Toddlers should consume 24 to 30 oz of milk per day, and may
switch from drinking whole milk to
drinking low-fat milk after 2 years of age. Juice consumption
should be limited to 4 to 6 oz per day.
• Trans fatty acids and saturated fats should be avoided. Diet
should include 1 cup of fruit daily.
• Snacks or desserts that are high in sugar, fat, or sodium
should be avoided.
• Foods that are potential choking hazards (nuts, grapes,
hot dogs, peanut butter, raw carrots, tough meats,
popcorn) should be avoided.
• Foods should be cut into small, bite-size pieces to make
them easier to swallow and to prevent choking.
• Toddlers should not be allowed to engage in drinking or
eating during play activities or while lying down.
Prevention of injury
Injury Prevention: Aspiration of foreign objects
1. Small objects (grapes, coins, candy) that can become
lodged in the throat should be avoided.
2. Toys that have small parts should be kept out of reach.
3. Age-appropriate toys should be provided
4. Clothing should be checked for safety hazards (loose
buttons).
5. Balloons should be kept away from toddlers.
6. PARENTS SHOULD KNOW EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES FOR CHOKING
Injury Prevention: Bodily
harm
1. Sharp objects should be kept out of reach.
2. Firearms should be kept in locked boxes or cabinets.
3. Toddlers should not be left unattended with any animals
present.
4. Toddlers should be taught stranger safety.
Injury Prevention: Burns
1. The temperature of bath water should be checked.
2. Thermostats on hot water heaters should be turned
down to 49° C (120° F) or below.
3. Working smoke detectors should be kept in the home.
4. Pot handles should be turned toward the back of the
stove.
5. Electrical outlets should be covered.
6. Toddlers should wear sunscreen when outside.
Injury Prevention: Drowning
1. Toddlers should not be left unattended in bathtubs.
2. Toilet lids should be kept closed.
3. Toddlers should be closely supervised when near pools
or any other body of water.
4. Toddlers should be taught to swim.
Injury Prevention: Falls
1. Doors and windows should be kept locked.
2. Crib mattresses should be kept in the lowest position
with the rails all the way up.
3. Safety gates should be used across the top and bottom
of stairs.
Injury Prevention: Motor-vehicle
injuries
1. Infants and toddlers remain in a rear-facing car seat
until the age of 2 years or the height recommended by
the manufacturer.
2. Toddlers over the age of 2 years, or who exceed the
height recommendations for rear-facing car seats, are
moved to a forward-facing car seat.
3. Safest area for infants and children is the backseat of
the car.
4. Do not place rear-facing car seats in the front seat of
vehicles with deployable passenger airbags.
Injury Prevention: Poisoning
1. Exposure to lead paint should be avoided.
2. Safety locks should be placed on cabinets that contain
cleaners and other chemicals.
3. The phone number for a poison control center should
be kept near the phone
4. Medications should be kept in childproof containers,
away from the reach of toddlers.
5. A working carbon monoxide detector should be placed
in the home.
Injury Prevention: Suffocation
1. Plastic bags should be avoided.
2. Crib mattresses should fit tightly.
3. Crib slats should be no farther apart than 6 cm (2.375
in).
4. Pillows should be kept out of cribs.
5. Drawstrings should be removed from jackets and other
clothing.