Knowledge Management

Cycle
Course Title: Knowledge Management
Course Code: MASUKIN KODENYA DI VIDEO LIF GUA MAGER
Overview of Knowledge Management Cycles
 Knowledge Management (KM) is needed for an organization to help them identify,
acquire, disseminate, and capture the benefits of each knowledge to build an
effective strategy for the organization. To be able organizing knowledge, we need to
do some major steps in Knowledge Management (KM) cycle. These cycles contain
detail description of what to do in each step of the cycle.

There are many types of KM cycles, they have their own steps and descriptions to
finishing the cycle.
1. Meyer and Zack Cycle
This approach gives lessons that the work of design and development
of information products can be applied to the management of
knowledge assets. It means the design of physical products can be used
as the basis of KM cycle. The physical products in this cycle can be
explained by numbers of product platform or can be called as
knowledge repository, and process platform that is used for to leverage
knowledge in an organization. This cycle’s stages consist of creation of
knowledge product of well-designed repository. Meyer and Zack
analyzed that a well-designed repository or database can be the basic
or foundation of a firm information and knowledge management. The
cycle in Meyer and Zack consists of several stages, which are
acquisition, refinement, storage, distribution, and presentation.
1. Meyer and Zack Cycle
2. Bukowitz and Williams Cycle
it consists of framework that help organization to generate, maintain,
and deploy a strategic knowledge to create value. This cycle framework
focusing on knowledge repositories, relationships, information
technologies, communications infrastructures, functional skill sets,
process know-how, environmental responsiveness, organizational
intelligence, and external sources. Below is the figure of KM cycle from
Bukowitz and Williams. The first three steps, which are get, learn, and
contribute are affected by day-to-day use of knowledge. As for the next
three steps, which are asses, build, and divest are triggered by macro
environment.
2. Bukowitz and Williams Cycle
3. Wiig Cycle
Wiig emphasizes on three things an organization must have to conduct
a business, which are, must have products and services, customers, and
resources. This cycle tells us about how the knowledge is built and used
for individuals and organization. It focuses on identifying and analyzing
activities that related to the knowledge building and sharing.
3. Wiig Cycle
3. Carlile & Rebentisch Transformation
It has some similarities to the models developed in the organizational
learning and memory perspectives (Huber 1991, Walsh and Ungson 1991)
and the knowledge transfer model as outlined by Hargadon and Sutton
(1997). However, Carlile & Rebentisch transformation model has two primary
differences from those models. First, it starts with the storage stage,
emphasizing that stored knowledge often serves as a source of path
dependency or constrains any retrieval effort. Second, It emphasizes
transformation over acquisition to highlight the more active effort required
to address the path-dependent nature of knowledge when novelty is
present. Although the cycle is presented in a linear fashion with distinctive
stages, in practice it is not always easy to uniquely define one stage in the
absence of others or define where one begins and another ends (Walsh and
Ungson 1991)
3. Carlile & Rebentisch Transformation
4. Evans, Dalkir, and Bidian Cycle (KMC)
KMC help distill an integrated model with three major stages as follows
(Dalkir, 2011):

• Knowledge capture and/or creation.

• Knowledge sharing and dissemination.
• Knowledge acquisition and application.
4. Evans, Dalkir, and Bidian Cycle (KMC)
Explanation of Selected KM Cycle
 Meyer and Zack KM Cycle
• The Zack model is extracted from work on the design and
development of information products. In Meyer and Zack’s approach,
the network between each stage is designed to be logical and
standardized.
• In this cycle, the major developmental stages of a knowledge
repository are analyzed and mapped to the stages of a KM cycle.
• The stages are acquisition, refinement, storage/retrieval, distribution,
and presentation/use. This cycle is also known as the “refinery.”
Acquisition of Data or Information
• Acquisition deals with issues regarding origin of raw materials such as
scope, breadth, depth, credibility, accuracy, timeliness, relevance,
cost, control, and exclusivity.
• The guiding principle is the well- known proverb of “garbage in,
garbage out.” That is, highest quality source data is required, else the
intellectual products produced downstream will be lower
Refinement
• Refinement may be physical (like
migrating from one medium to
another) or logical (like restructuring,
relabeling, indexing, and integrating.)
• Refining also defines cleaning up (like
sanitizing content so as to ensure
complete anonymity of sources and
key players involved) or standardizing
(like conforming to templates of a
best practice or lessons learned as
used within that particular
organization).
• This stage also adds up to the value
by creating more readily usable
knowledge objects and by storing the
content more flexibly for future use.
Storage / Retrieval
Storage or Retrieval forms a bridge between the upstream addition and
refinement stages that feed the repository and downstream stages of
product generation. Storage can be physical (file folders, printed
information) as well as digital (database, knowledge management
software).
Distribution
Distribution defines how the product is to be delivered to the end-user
(like fax, print, email) and encloses not only the medium of delivery but
also its timing, frequency, form, language, and so on.
Presentation
• Context plays an important role in Presentation or Application stage.
The performance of each of the preceding value-added steps is
evaluated here – for example, does the user have enough context to
be able to make use of this content? If not, the KM cycle has failed to
deliver value to the individual and ultimately to the company.
• The repository and the “refinery” combined enable the management
of valuable knowledge of a firm. In this cycle, there is also an
impression
 Conclusion of Meyer and Zack Cycle
The Meyer and Zack model is one of the most complete picture of the
key elements engaged in the knowledge management model. To be
specific the notion of refinement is a crucial stage in the KM cycle and
one that is often neglected
Thank You!
References
• http://sis.binus.ac.id/2017/05/10/approaches-to-knowledge-
management-cycle/
• http://people.bu.edu/carlile/docs/Knowledge%20Transformatoin%20
Cycle%20(Carlile).pdf
• https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/83088/1/MPRA_paper_83088.pdf
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/knowledge_management/models_of
_km_cycle.htm