Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Antofagasta Meeting 2019 Marcos Luján
Antofagasta Meeting 2019 Marcos Luján
Exergy to store
Demand
0h 12 h 24 h 0h 12 h 24 h
3
HVAC system at CIESOL, Almería
5 m3 5 m3 2 m3 3 m3
4
Cooling needs of CIESOL center
5
Energy efficiency (m) of a solar collector
Solaris CP1
𝑇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑜
𝜇 = ℎ𝑜 − ℎ1
𝐺
ℎ𝑜 = 0,787
ℎ1 = 4,206
6
80 collectors of 2 m2
Energy vs Exergy efficiency of a solar collector
Solar radiation for august in Almería, Spain; 80 collectors Solaris CP1, 30° south
Exergy flux kW
Energy flux kW
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40
40
20
20
0
0
5:01
5:46
6:31
7:16
8:01
8:46
9:31
10:16
11:01
11:46
12:31
13:16
14:01
14:46
15:31
16:16
17:01
17:46
18:31
4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
Exergy Efficiency
𝑚𝑐 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑐 = 4,8 𝑙/𝑠 10%
𝜇= 𝑇𝑖𝑛 = 80 °𝐶
𝐺∗𝑆 8%
6%
𝑚𝑐 𝜓𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝜓𝑖𝑛 4%
𝜉= 7
𝜑∗𝐺∗𝑆 2%
0%
6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
Collector Exergy efficiency vs flux and Tin
Collector Exergy Efficiency vs Tin, mc = 4,8 L/s Daily Collector Efficiency vs Tin and water flux in l/s
12% 9%
8%
10%
7%
8% 6%
5%
6%
4%
4% 3%
2%
2%
1%
0% 0%
5:00 7:00 9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Day time Tin °C
According to Chamoli S.
Bayrak F. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 74
Optimum daily exergy efficiency is 4%
(2017) 755–770 8
Chamoli S.,J. Energy South. Afr., 24(3), pp 8-13 (2013)
From a paper review by Bayrak F. et al.
Mean daily exergy efficiency is 4,4 %
Exergy efficiency of a PCM
Tc Th
Cold source
Hot source
9
Exergy analysis of a PCM for high temperature
80%
60%
𝑇ℎ 40% DT 5°C
−1
𝑇𝑐 DT 10°C
𝜀 =1− 20%
𝑇ℎ
−1
𝑇𝑜 0%
25 75 125
𝑇𝑜 = 25 °𝐶 Fusion Temperature in °C
𝑇ℎ = 𝑇𝑓𝑢𝑠 + Δ𝑇/2
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑓𝑢𝑠 − Δ𝑇/2 100%
80%
𝑇𝑐
1−
𝑇ℎ 60%
𝜀 =1−
𝑇
1− 𝑐
DT 3°C
40%
𝑇𝑜 DT 5°C
20% 11
0%
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Fusion temperature of PCM °C
PCMs figure of merit
Apparent Vol. Cp
Tfus ∆𝑻 Efficiency
Material MJ m-3 K-1
°C °𝑪 To = 293 K
Fusion Heat
Tank Specific Heat capacity Fusion Temp enthalpy Capacity
Material Volume m3 Density kg/m3 kj/(kgK) °C kJ/kg DT °C MJ/m3
PCM water PCM water
S83+water 2 1600 970 2,31 4,2 83 100 10 142,3
S89+water 2 1550 966 2,48 4,2 89 145 10 185,3
Water hot tank 5 971 4,2 6 24,5
S10+water 2 1470 1000 1,9 4,2 10 170 3 172,3 13
Water cold
tank 3 1000 4,2 5,5 23,1
Chiller’s performance
RCC=70 kW
RHI= 100 kW
3,05 l/s
14
4,8 l/s
Chiller’s exergy efficiency
Conditions:
mh= 4,8 L/s (100%); DTh variable
mch= 3,05 L/s ; Tch,out=7°C; DTch variable
Cooling power vs Th,in and hot water flux Exergy efficiency vs Th,in and hot water flux
90 45%
80 40%
70 35%
Cooling power in kW
60 30%
Exergy efficiency
50 100% 25% 100%
40 80% 80%
20%
60% 60%
30 15%
40% 40%
20 10%
10
5%
15
0
0%
70 75 80 85 90 95 100
70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Hot water incoming temperature °C
Hot water incoming temperature °C
Exergy analysis of present state
Solar collector
16
Conditions for optimum
operation of cooling system
• Operate de collector at constant water flow with
an incoming temperature of 85°C
• Operate the chiller at a constant power with a
incoming hot water temperature between 70 to
77°C.
• Store heat as hot water ( two tanks of 19,6 m3)
or as S83PCM+water (2,8 m3) storing system.
• Store cooled water in tanks, volume depending
of the cooling needs. 17
Integrated PCM system in one tank
Charge Discharge
18
Configuration to improve exergy efficiency
Solar collector
19
Cooling power: 1.443,2 MJ/day
Cooling needs: 2.760,5 MJ/day Only 52,2% of august daily needs
Synthesis of results
98.0%
100%
89.0% 88.9%
85.6% 85.6%
80%
61.6%
60%
20%
7.7% 7.7%
5.4%
1.51% 1.48% 2.35%
0%
Solar Col. Heat storage Chiller Cold Storage Overall
20
Present PCM heat and cold PCM heat
Conclusions
• The exergy losses at the solar collector are critical for the
overall efficiency of the system.
• The absorption chiller has to work at a constant power rate
with incoming hot water between 70-77°C.
• The best way to store heat is with a water tank, but with a
high volume, a PCM S83 could be used to reduce volume.
• To store cold it is not convenient to use a PCM due to its low
exergy efficiency, cold water is better, despite de volume.
21
¡Many Thanks!