Applications of DC/DC

Converters on Charging
Discharging Systems of
Batteries
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Thesis Outline

Literature Review on Photovoltaic (PV) System

Optimum sizing and Enhanced Connection

Scheme of Standalone PV System
Proposed DC/DC Step up Converter
Design of The Proposed DC/DC converter
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 Solar Energy in Egypt
establishing 43% of primary energy from
About 90% of the Egyptian territory has
an average total radiation greater than renewable source by 2035 became a
2200 kWh/m2/year goal

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 PV Systems

Grid connected solar power system Stand-alone solar power system

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 System Components

Batteries
Solar Charge
Bank
Panels controller
Connection

PWM DC/DC
AC LOAD
Inverter converter

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 Solar Cells
Types

Single- Polycrystalline Cadmium

Buried Contact Multi junction
Crystalline and Semi Telluride Solar
Solar Cell Solar Cell (MJ)
Silicon crystalline Cell (CdTe)

25%
10.6%

15% :21% 13%:16% 43% &&86% theoretical

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The Equivalent Circuit of the Solar Cell Installation of Solar Panels

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 Fixed versus Tracking system

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 Energy storage System

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 Batteries
1. Capacity, Efficiency and Overcharge absorbent glass
mat (AGM)
2. Depth of Discharge and State of Charge
Lead-Acid
3. Self-Discharge Rate and Life Cycle lead-acid gel
batteries
I

Z(p)
Types of Nickel- Cadmium
Batteries used in
E(p) PV Systems

Nickel-Metal
Hydride

Rechargeable lithium of
various types, especially
lithium-ion

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 Classical method for sizing PV system

• Determination of the energy usage that the

step 1 system must supply

• Determination of the energy input required from

step 2 the PV array

• Determination of the battery storage required

step 3 the needed number of batteries

• Selection of the remaining system components

step 4

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  Proposed Technique for sizing PV system

• The main objective of the first phase of the proposed technique is to

accurately determine the sizing of PV modules and Batteries.

Technique • PV panels
• PV panel
• Battery • Daily load number
• Night load • Batteries
• Load curve
number

Input Output

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 Daily Load && Night Load
 For Daily load:  For Night Load:
• calculate the average number of solar • The Night energy needed is calculated and
modules. divided the module energy and calculate the
• By numerical methods, the accurate number number of modules.
of modules which produce the needed energy • The number of batteries is calculated by
by the load. divide the night energy by the battery
• The needed number of batteries is calculated voltage and battery AH and calculate number
by calculating surplus or deficient energy. of batteries.

the total number of modules is by the sum

the daily and night modules and the same for
batteries.

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 100

1. Diurnal Load Curve. 90

80

70

60

Pmax[W]
2. PV Module power curve.
50

40

30

20

10

3. Calculate the number of modules needed for each period. 0

6 8 10 12
Time [H]
14 16 18

4. Calculate the required average number of modules.

5. Correct the average number of modules till reach the best diurnal number of modules .
6. The batteries required to supply the load deficiency.
7. For night period, the accumulated load energy is only required to determine the sizing of PV modules
and batteries as in classical method.
8. The total number of modules= number of modules required for the diurnal load + number of modules
required for the night load.

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 start
N=Nav module_power=N*Solar_
power_matrix
Input
1- Battery Data(volt& AH)
2- load = the diurnal load each No While(Difference>Error
quarter hour ||Difference<0) No
3- the night load power For (i) ”
4- the PV module output equation Yes

Solar_power_matrix=Calculate the Yes

If(Difference<0)
power of PV module each quarter of No
hour
yes If(solar_power_matrix(i)<load(i) No

N=N-1
Daily_energy_module=calculate the N=N+1 Yes
daily energy of a module of solar cell
Battery Energy=Battery
Energy+T*(load(i)-cells_power(i)
i=1

Energy of solar modules

NO
For(i) ” =N*Daily_energy_module

yes i=i+1
Difference=Energy of solar cells-
N(i)=load(i)/solar_power_Matrix(i) Energy of load

i=i+1
Number of diurnal batteries=Battery energy/
Number of diurnal modules = N (battery volt*battery AH)
Nav=avearge(N)

Battery Energy=0 Print the number of daily

Energy of solar modules =Nav*Daily_energy_Module i=1 Modules=N
Number of diurnal batteries

Energy of load=sum(load*T)

Difference=Energy of solar module

b
-Energy of load
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 b

Number of night modules=Night load energy/Daily energy

of module

Number of night batteries=Night load energy/

(Battery_AH*Vbattery)

Battery numbers=Number of diurnal batteries + Number of

night batteries

Number of modules = N+ number of night modukes

Print Number of PV modules &&

Batteries numbers

23:10 End 16
Case Study PV Panels Exact Power Curve Generation

Solar Cell Array Module of 150W 250W Solar Cell Array Module

100

90

80

70

60
x[W]

50
ma

40
P

30

20

10

0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time [H]

Area= 1m
23:10 2
760 W.hr/day
Area= 1.6m2 1230 W.hr/day 17
 Device watt Device Watt
Case Study Led lamp 9 Laptop 100
Led torch 60 Water heater 1000
Fan 120 Clothes 800
Simulated Load Curve for Residential Load LCD-TV 200
washing
Iron 700
Receiver 50 Mixer 300
Router 7 Water bump 750
Mobile 6 Ventilator 80
charger
refrigerator 110  

The proposed method results

200Ah &12V batteries with 75% deep of discharge
batteries are used as a storage energy source.
Number of modules for daily load 9 modules

Number of modules for night load 15module

Total number of modules needed 24module

Number of batteries needed for night load 6 batteries

Number of batteries needed for daily load deficiencies 2 batteries

Total number of batteries needed 8 batteries

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 System sizing by Proposed method results Versus classical method

Proposed method results Classical method

Total number of 24module Total number of 25 module

modules needed modules needed

Total number of 8 batteries Total number of 10batteries

batteries needed batteries needed

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 Panels Power Vs load curve The surplus and deficiency regions

 This sizing method got many advantages over the classical method as:
1. it could deal with the peak loads either in daily or night periods
2. it could define the precise sizing of PV modules and batteries leading to reduce
the cost
3. could define periods of deficiency and surplus energy which can support in
good
23:10 management to the loads to decrease system coast. 20
  Enhancement of the PV System performance

 Batteries connections problems  PV connections problems

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 Batteries connections problems solutions

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  Enhancement of the PV System performance
The main objective of the second phase of the proposed technique is to prevent the circulating current due to the unbalance
of parallel batteries emfs and regulate the charging and discharging process

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 Simulation Test to the Enhancement Method by Proteus

Charging Charging and Discharging

Discharging

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 11.5V batt 11.9V batt 12.3V batt
Charging 6.35A 2.58A 0.01A
Discharging 0.14A 3.33A 7.13A
Charging 5.84A 3.37A 1.94A
and 1.91A 3.3A 5.73A
Discharging

The proposed connection scheme could:

1. Prevent circulating current.
2. Self-equalizing the batteries energy as the battery with a high charge will
discharge more current faster than others and vice versa.
3. It also
23:10 protects batteries from high currents 25
 Proposed DC/DC High Gain Step Up Converter
 Effect of coil resistor
 Boost Converter
 

  𝑉𝑠
𝑉 𝑜=
1−𝐷

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 Cascaded DC/DC Converter

  𝑉𝑠
𝑉 𝑜= 𝑛
(1 − 𝐷 )

  𝑉𝑠
𝑉 𝑜=
(1 − 𝐷 1 ) ( 1− 𝐷 2 ) … ( 1 − 𝐷𝑛 )

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 Cascaded DC/DC Converter

  𝑉 𝑠 1
𝑽 𝒐 = ∗
(1 − 𝒅 )𝒏 ¿¿

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 Magnetically Coupled DC/DC Converter

The magnetically coupled DC/DC converters

D
can produce high output voltages but with
2

low power, complex control and bulk

construction
+
C V
2 − C2

L
N 2 +
2

D R
N 1 L V
1 o
L
1
−

+
+
V C V
I − 1− C1
S
1

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 Magnetically Coupled DC/DC Converter

¿
 

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  proposed High Gain Step Up Converter
proposed High Gain Step Up converter is a development of the cascaded boost converter. The proposed device
has many coils symmetrical or not symmetrical as the requires.

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 proposed High Gain Step Up Converter by One switch

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 proposed High Gain Step Up Converter

Mode 1 Mode 2

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 proposed High Gain Step Up Converter
The output voltage relation of the proposed High Gain Step Up Converter
The mathematical modelling can be derived based coils continuous current when coils are symmetrical and
asymmetrical assuming ideal switches and diodes.

 symmetrical coils converter

 In mode 1

  𝑑𝑖
𝑣 𝑠= 𝐿
𝑑𝑡

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 proposed High Gain Step Up Converter
 In Mode 2
  𝑑𝑖
𝑛𝐿 =𝑣 𝑠 − 𝑣 𝑜
𝑑𝑡

 
𝛥 𝐼∨𝑜𝑓𝑓 =¿ ¿
  𝜟 𝑰 |𝒐𝒏+ 𝜟 𝑰 |𝒐𝒇𝒇 =𝟎

 
𝒗 𝒐 =¿ ¿
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 proposed High Gain Step Up Converter
 asymmetrical coils converter

 In Mode 1:  In Mode 2:

  ΔI 1 ΔI 2 ΔI 3 ΔI n  
v s=L1 = L2 =L3 =…= Ln
DT DT DT DT
 
v  s ∗ DT
= ΔI 1∨on
L1
  𝐿1 ∗ 𝛥 𝐼 1∨𝑜𝑛
𝛥 𝐼 𝑛∨𝑜𝑓𝑓 =−
𝐿𝑛
  𝛥 𝐼 1∨𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝛥 𝐼 1∨𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝛥 𝐼 1∨𝑜𝑓𝑓
  𝐿1 ∗ 𝛥 𝐼 1∨𝑜𝑛 v s − v o = 𝐿1 + 𝐿1 + 𝐿1
𝛥 𝐼 𝑛∨𝑜𝑛= (1 − 𝐷) 𝑇 (1 − 𝐷) 𝑇 (1 − 𝐷) 𝑇
𝐿𝑛

23:10
 
𝒗 𝒐 =¿ ¿ 36
 The Inductor currents are identical Inductors currents for different inductances

Source current Source current

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 The Effect of Inductor Resistance
  ( 𝟏 +(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅 ) 𝟏
𝒗𝒐 = 𝒗𝒔 ∗ ∗
(𝟏 −𝒅 ) 𝒏 ∗𝒓 𝒍
( 𝟏+
𝑹 ∗ (𝟏 −𝒅 )
𝟐 )

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 Comparison between the Cascaded & Magnetically
Coupled and the Proposed converter

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 proposed High Gain Step Up Converter Output

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  proposed High Gain Step Up Converter Design
 Inductors design
Inductors must be designed to support the continuity of the current

  𝐷𝑅
𝐿=
( 1+(𝑛 − 1) 𝐷 )
𝛼𝑓
1−𝐷

:  is the ratio between the inductor current variation and the

average load current

  𝑛𝑅𝐷
𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2𝑓 ¿¿
 
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 Capacitor Design

The capacitor function is to make the output voltage constant by feeding the load when the switches are on

  𝐷
𝐶=
¿¿
 
: is the allowable variation in load
voltage, it is preferable to be 1%
or2% of the load voltage.

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  MATLAB simulation of the proposed converter

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 Practical Model

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 Simulation Results
Inductors currents against time Inductors voltage against time

Coil 1 current Switch 4 Voltage

Coil 2 current
Switch 3 voltage

Coil 3 current

Switch 2 voltage

Coil 4 current

Switch 1 voltage
Source current

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Simulation Results

The output voltage variation with the duty ratio The output Voltage Variation against the load Ratio

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Practical Model Results
Gate signal

Coil 1 current

Source current

Coil 2 current

Coil 3 current

Coil 4 current
23:10
47
Practical Model Results

Gate signal

Switch 4 Voltage

Switch 3 voltage

Switch 2 voltage

Switch 1 voltage
23:10 48
Proposed Converter Merits
Equally current shared in all stages which leads to compact
design size and cost.
The proposed design reduced the primary stage current to
quarter of the source current.
Higher efficiency compared with other competitor devices.
Easy raise the device power as no components
(Coils,Diodes,Switches) carry a source current divided by the
number of stages.
Easy add a new stage to raise the device voltage.
Due to Easy control scheme the converter can be use Directly
with panels in Grid connected systems to raise panels voltage
and controlled by maximum power point tracker
23:10 49
 Conclusion and Future Work
Conclusion
 The thesis proposed a sizing method:
1. define the precise sizing of PV modules and batteries leading to reduce the cost
2. define periods of deficiency and surplus energy which can support in good management to the
loads.
 Also proposed an enhancement to the PV system connection:
1. Prevent circulating current.
2. Self-equalizing the batteries energy as the battery with a high charge will discharge more current
faster than others and vice versa.
3. It also protects batteries from high currents
 Also proposed A DC/DC step up converter with:
1. compact design
2. Low cost
3. Easy control
4. High power capability
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 Conclusion and Future Work
Published Paper
S. Eskander, M. F. Kotb, M. Zaki ,” OPTIMUM SIZING AND ENHANCED CONNECTION SCHEME
OF STANDALONE PV SYSTEM”,IJARETS, Volume-6, Issue-10, October- 2019.

Future Work
 Improve the sizing method by putting other types of panels and put panel cost in
consideration and make a hybrid system with wind turbines.

 Improve the DC/DC converter to be used as a step-up DC transformer for high

power applications.

 Use the DC/DC converter with grid connected PV system.

 Developing a new DC generator for wind turbines.

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23:10 52