LAW OF REFLECTION

 The normal is a line

perpendicular to the
surface
 It is at the point where
the incident ray strikes
the surface
 The incident ray makes
an angle of θ1 with the
normal
 The reflected ray
makes an angle of θ1’
with the normal
LAW OF REFLECTION, CONT
 The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of
incidence
 θ1= θ1’
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
 When a ray of light traveling through a
transparent medium encounters a
boundary leading into another
transparent medium, part of the ray is
reflected and part of the ray enters the
second medium
 The ray that enters the second medium is
bent at the boundary
 This bending of the ray is called refraction
REFRACTION OF LIGHT, CONT

 The incident ray,

the reflected ray,
the refracted ray,
and the normal all
lie on the same
plane
 The angle of
refraction, θ2,
depends on the
properties of the
medium
FOLLOWING THE REFLECTED AND
REFRACTED RAYS

 Ray  is the incident

ray
 Ray  is the reflected
ray
 Ray  is refracted into
the lucite
 Ray  is internally
reflected in the lucite
 Ray  is refracted as it
enters the air from the
lucite
MORE ABOUT REFRACTION
 The angle of refraction depends upon the
material and the angle of incidence
sin 1 v1
  constant
sin  2 v2
 The path of the light through the refracting
surface is reversible
REFRACTION DETAILS, 1

 Light may refract

into a material
where its speed is
lower
 The angle of
refraction is less
than the angle of
incidence
 The ray bends
toward the normal
REFRACTION DETAILS, 2

 Light may refract

into a material
where its speed is
higher
 The angle of
refraction is greater
than the angle of
incidence
 The ray bends away
from the normal
THE INDEX OF REFRACTION
 When light passes from one medium to another,
it is refracted because the speed of light is
different in the two media
 The index of refraction, n, of a medium can be
defined

speed of light in a vacuum c

n 
speed of light in a medium v
INDEX OF REFRACTION, CONT
 For a vacuum, n = 1
 For other media, n > 1

 n is a unitless ratio
FREQUENCY BETWEEN MEDIA

 As light travels from

one medium to another,
its frequency does not
change
 Both the wave speed and
the wavelength do
change
 The wavefronts do not
pile up, nor are created
or destroyed at the
boundary, so ƒ must stay
the same
INDEX OF REFRACTION EXTENDED
 The frequency stays the same as the wave
travels from one medium to the other
 v=ƒλ

 The ratio of the indices of refraction of the

two media can be expressed as various
ratios
c
1 v 1 n1 n2
  
2 v 2 c n1
n2
SNELL’S LAW OF REFRACTION

 n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
 θ1 is the angle of
incidence
 30.0° in this diagram
 θ2 is the angle of
refraction
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

 Total internal
reflection can occur
when light
attempts to move
from a medium
with a high index of
refraction to one
with a lower index
of refraction
 Ray 5 shows internal
reflection
 CRITICAL ANGLE

A particular angle
of incidence will
result in an angle of
refraction of 90°
 This angle of
incidence is called
the critical angle
n2
sin   for n1  n2
n1
NOTATION FOR MIRRORS AND LENSES
 The object distance is the distance from
the object to the mirror or lens
 Denoted by p
 The image distance is the distance from
the image to the mirror or lens
 Denoted by q
 The lateral magnification of the mirror or
lens is the ratio of the image height to the
object height
 Denoted by M
TYPES OF IMAGES FOR MIRRORS AND
LENSES

 A real image is one in which light actually passes

through the image point
 Real images can be displayed on screens
 A virtual image is one in which the light does not
pass through the image point
 The light appears to diverge from that point
 Virtual images cannot be displayed on screens
FLAT MIRROR

 Simplest possible
mirror
 Properties of the image
can be determined by
geometry
 One ray starts at P,
follows path PQ and
reflects back on itself
 A second ray follows
path PR and reflects
according to the Law of
Reflection
PROPERTIES OF THE IMAGE FORMED BY A
FLAT MIRROR
 The image is as far behind the mirror as
the object is in front
 q=p
 The image is unmagnified
 The image height is the same as the object
height
 h’ = h and M = 1
 The image is virtual
 The image is upright
 It has the same orientation as the object
 Thereis an apparent left-right reversal in
the image
 Normal line

O O'

Principal axis
p q

a 360
N 1

N = Numbers of image
 = The angle between
two flat mirrors
O2 O

b c

O3 O1
SPHERICAL MIRRORS
 A spherical mirror has the shape of a segment of
a sphere
 A concave spherical mirror has the silvered
surface of the mirror on the inner, or concave,
side of the curve
 A convex spherical mirror has the silvered
surface of the mirror on the outer, or convex, side
of the curve
 CONCAVE MIRROR, NOTATION

 The mirror has a

radius of curvature of
R
 Its center of curvature
is the point C
 Point V is the center
of the spherical
segment
 A line drawn from C
to V is called the
principle axis of the
mirror
IMAGE FORMED BY A CONCAVE MIRROR

 Geometry shows the

relationship
between the image
and object distances
1 1 2
 
p q R
 This is called the
mirror equation
IMAGE FORMED BY A CONCAVE MIRROR
 Geometry can also be used to determine the
magnification of the image
h' q
M 
h p
 h’ is negative when the image is inverted with
respect to the object
FOCAL LENGTH

 If an object is very far

away, then p and
1/p  0
 Incoming rays are
essentially parallel
 In this special case, the
image point is called
the focal point
 The distance from the
mirror to the focal
point is called the focal
length
 The focal length is ½ the
radius of curvature
FOCAL POINT AND FOCAL LENGTH, CONT
 The focal point is dependent solely on the
curvature of the mirror, not by the
location of the object
f = R / 2
 The mirror equation can be expressed as

1 1 1
 
p q f
Relationship between the image and object distances, a
Radius (R), focal length (f)


 C  
v
Principal Axis
R
      
    2 p
    2     q
    2   2
  2  
    2
if  ,  , and  very small , than
av av av
  ;  ;
p R q
so,
av av 2 av
 
q p R
1 1 2 1 1 1
    
p q R p q f
CONVEX MIRRORS
A convex mirror is sometimes called a
diverging mirror
 The rays from any point on the object
diverge after reflection as though they
were coming from some point behind the
mirror
 The image is virtual because it lies behind
the mirror at the point where the reflected
rays appear to originate
 In general, the image formed by a convex
mirror is upright, virtual, and smaller
than the object
IMAGE FORMED BY A CONVEX MIRROR
RAY DIAGRAMS
 A ray diagram can be used to determine the
position and size of an image
 They are graphical constructions which tell the
overall nature of the image
 They can also be used to check the parameters
calculated from the mirror and magnification
equations
DRAWING A RAY DIAGRAM (SKIP)
 To
make the ray diagram, you need to
know
 The position of the object
 The position of the center of curvature
 Three rays are drawn
 They all start from the same position on the
object
 Theintersection of any two of the rays at
a point locates the image
 The third ray serves as a check of the
construction
THE RAYS IN A RAY DIAGRAM
 Ray 1 is drawn parallel to the principle axis and
is reflected back through the focal point, F
 Ray 2 is drawn through the focal point and is
reflected parallel to the principle axis
 Ray 3 is drawn through the center of curvature
and is reflected back on itself
NOTES ABOUT THE RAYS (SKIP)
 The rays actually go in all directions from the
object
 The three rays were chosen for their ease of
construction
 The image point obtained by the ray diagram
must agree with the value of q calculated from
the mirror equation
RAY DIAGRAM FOR CONCAVE MIRROR, P > R

 The object is outside the center of curvature of the

mirror
 The image is real
 The image is inverted
 The image is smaller than the object
RAY DIAGRAM FOR A CONCAVE MIRROR, P < F

 The object is between the mirror and the focal point

 The image is virtual

 The image is upright

 The image is larger than the object

RAY DIAGRAM FOR A CONVEX MIRROR

 The object is in front of a convex mirror

 The image is virtual
 The image is upright
 The image is smaller than the object
NOTES ON IMAGES
 With a concave mirror, the image may be
either real or virtual
 When the object is outside the focal point, the
image is real
 When the object is at the focal point, the image
is infinitely far away
 When the object is between the mirror and the
focal point, the image is virtual
 With a convex mirror, the image is always
virtual and upright
 As the object distance increases, the virtual
image gets smaller
 SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR MIRRORS

Quantity Positive When Negative When

Object location Object is in front Object is behind
(p) of the mirror the mirror
Image location Image is in front Image is behind
(q) of mirror mirror
Image height (h’) Image is upright Image is inverted

Focal length (f) Mirror is concave Mirror is convex

and radius (R)
Magnification (M) Image is upright Image is inverted
IMAGES FORMED BY REFRACTION

 Rays originate from the

object point, O, and
pass through the image
point, I
 When n2 > n1,

h' n1q
M 
h n2p
 Real images are formed
on the side opposite
from the object
 SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR REFRACTING
SURFACES

Quantity Positive When Negative When

Object location Object is in front Object is in back

(p) of surface of surface
Image location Image is in back Image is in front
(q) of surface of surface
Image height (h’) Image is upright Image is inverted

Radius (R) Center of Center of

curvature is in curvature is in
back of surface front of surface
 FLAT REFRACTING SURFACE

 Theimage formed
by a flat refracting
surface is on the
same side of the
surface as the object
 The image is virtual
 The image forms
between the object
and the surface
 The rays bend away
from the normal
since n1 > n2
 Normal
line

 ‘ )
L  V    L'
C Principal Axis

R
p
q
n tg  = n' tg  '
=+ n = n'  '
='+ n ( + ) = n' (- )
n sin  = n ' sin  ' n  + n = n' - n' 
if , , , , and ' very small, n (h/p) + n (h/R) = n' (h/R)- n' (h/q)
than n (h/p) + n' (h/q) = n' (h/R) - n(h/R)
n/p + n'/q = (n' - n)/R
THIN LENSES
 A thin lens consists of a piece of glass or plastic,
ground so that each of its two refracting surfaces
is a segment of either a sphere or a plane
 Lenses are commonly used to form images by
refraction in optical instruments
THIN LENS SHAPES

 These are examples

of converging lenses
 They have positive
focal lengths
 They are thickest in
the middle
MORE THIN LENS SHAPES

 These are examples

of diverging lenses
 They have negative
focal lengths
 They are thickest at
the edges
FOCAL LENGTH OF LENSES
 The focal length, ƒ, is the image distance
that corresponds to an infinite object
distance
 This is the same as for mirrors
A thin lens has two focal points,
corresponding to parallel rays from the
left and from the right
 A thin lens is one in which the distance
between the surface of the lens and the center
of the lens is negligible
LENS EQUATIONS

 Thegeometric
derivation of the
equations is very
similar to that of
mirrors
h' q
M 
h p
1 1 1
 
p q f
LENS EQUATIONS (SKIP)
 The equations can be used for both converging
and diverging lenses
 A converging lens has a positive focal length
 A diverging lens has a negative focal length
 SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR THIN LENSES

Quantity Positive When Negative When

Object location (p) Object is in front of Object is in back of
the lens the lens

Image location (q) Image is in back of Image is in front of

the lens the lens

Image height (h’) Image is upright Image is inverted

R1 and R2 Center of curvature is Center of curvature is

in back of the lens in front of the lens

Focal length (f) Converging lens Diverging lens

FOCAL LENGTH FOR A LENS
 The focal length of a lens is related to the
curvature of its front and back surfaces and the
index of refraction of the material
1  1 1 
 (n  1)  
f  R1 R2 
 This is called the lens maker’s equation
RAY DIAGRAMS FOR THIN LENSES
 Ray diagrams are essential for understanding
the overall image formation
 Three rays are drawn
 The first ray is drawn parallel to the first principle
axis and then passes through (or appears to come
from) one of the focal lengths
 The second ray is drawn through the center of the
lens and continues in a straight line
 The third ray is drawn from the other focal point
and emerges from the lens parallel to the principle
axis
 Thereare an infinite number of rays, these
are convenient
RAY DIAGRAM FOR CONVERGING LENS, P >
F

 The image is real

 The image is inverted
 RAY DIAGRAM FOR CONVERGING LENS, P <
F

 The image is virtual

 The image is upright
 I II
Normal line
Normal line

L t L'' L'
P2 V1 V2 P1 Principal axis

p1

R1
q1
q2
R2
p2
Surface I : The incident ray from n to n', so the equation is

n / p1 + n' / q1 = (n' - n)/R1 with: q1 = (t + p2)

Surface II : The incident ray from n' to n, so the equation is

n'/ p2 + n / q2 = (n - n')/R2
substitute p2 = - (q1 - t) so, the final position can be find. On special case, t = 0,
so:

1 1 1 1
 (n'n)(  )
p1 q2 R1 R2
Remember that
1 1 1
 ( n '  n)(  )
f R1 R2

So, 1/f = 1/p + 1/q

 RAY DIAGRAM FOR DIVERGING LENS

 The image is virtual

 The image is upright
COMBINATIONS OF THIN LENSES

 The image produced by the first lens is

calculated as though the second lens were
not present
 The light then approaches the second lens
as if it had come from the image of the first
lens
 The image of the first lens is treated as the
object of the second lens
 The image formed by the second lens is the
final image of the system
COMBINATION OF THIN LENSES, 2
 If the image formed by the first lens lies on the
back side of the second lens, then the image is
treated at a virtual object for the second lens
 p will be negative
 The overall magnification is the product of the
magnification of the separate lenses
COMBINATION OF THIN LENSES, EXAMPLE
Contoh soal 1
Sebuah benda nyata berada 6 cm dari cermin cekung A yang berjarak
fokus 5 cm. Cermin cembung B diletakkan di depan cermin cekung A
tersebut sejauh 25 cm dan mempunyai harga jarak fokus 8 cm.
a. Dimanakah bayangan akhir yang dibentuk sistem?
b. Hitunglah perbesaran akhir yang terjadi!
c. Sebutkan sifat-sifat bayangan akhir tersebut!
d. Lukiskan jalannya sinar secara grafis!
JAWAB:
a. Dengan rumus Gauss :
1/f = 1/so + 1/si
1/5 = 1/6 + 1/si
1/si = 1/30
si = 30cm
Jadi jarak bayangan cermin cekung A 30 cm di depan permukaan pantulnya. Bayangan
demikian dikatakan bersifat sejati. Oleh karena jarak kedua cermin 25 cm, maka jarak
benda untuk cermin cembung B (soB) adalah 5 cm di belakang permukaan pantulnya.
Pengertian di belakang permukaan pantul ini, menunjukkan bahwa benda bagi cermin
cembung B adalah benda maya, dan mempunyai harga negatif.
Dengan rumus Gauss untuk cermin cembung B dihasilkan:
1/f = 1/so + 1/si
- 1/8 = -1/5 + 1/si
1/si = -1/8 + 1/5
= (-5 + 8) / 40
= 3/40
si = 40/3
= +13,33 cm
Jadi posisi bayangan yang dibentuk cermin cembung B berada +13,33 cm
dari permukaan pantulnya. Tanda + (positif) diartikan bahwa bayangan yang
dibentuk oleh cermin cembung B bersifat sejati dan letaknya di depan
permukaan pantulnya atau 16,66 cm di depan permukaan pantul cermin
cekung A. Bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin cembung B inilah yang
disebut bayangan dari sistem.
 30  13,33
b. Perbesaran akhir yang terjadi adalah: M   x
6 5

 13,33x

c. Sifat bayangan akhir : terbalik, diperbesar, sejati

d. Lukisan jalannya sinar secara grafis:

L
FB PB
FA PA sumbu utama

L'

soA L''
s so B
iB

siA
ALAT-ALAT OPTIK

1. Lup
2. Mikroskop
3. Teropong bintang
 MATA
Titik Jauh penglihatan Titik Dekat penglihatan

Bertambah jauhnya titik dekat mata presbiopia

Mata normal mata emmetropik

Titik Jauh mata tidak di jauh tak terhingga ammetropik

Myopia (penglihatan dekat)

Ammetropik

Hyperopea (penglihatan jauh)

Astigmatis
 Ciliary muscle

Crystalline Retina
lens a b c

a. Normal eye ; b. Myopic eye ; c. Hyperopic eye

We define angular magnification m as the ratio of the angle

subtended by an object with a lens in use to the angle subtended
by the object placed at the near point with no lens in use
1. Lup
Angular Magnification for not accommodation eye
L  m = 25/fok

h
(
Principal axis

Near point = 25 cm
+
Angular Magnification for maximum
~ accommodation eye
 m = (25/fok) + 1
h'
h Principal axis
F1 F1
Pn

near point = 25cm

Unaccommodation of eye

Without len
h


pn

With len
h
’

f
Maximum accommodation of eye
Without len
h


pn
With len
h
’

s’ = - pn s
2. The Compound Microscope
Objective eyepiece
+ +

L
F1o F1o
F1 Principal axis

L'

~ M = m1 x m2

m1 = siob./soob dan m2 = 25/fok. (not accommodation eye)

m1 = siob./soo dan m2 = (25/fok) +1 (maximum accommodation eye)

3. Telescope
Objective lens eyepiece
+ + Observer
eye

F1ob F1ob& F 1ok F1ob

Principal axis

M = - fob/fok
Contoh soal 1
1. Panjang fokus suatu lup adalah 12,5 cm.
a. Berapa perbesaran sudutnya jika bayangan yang terjadi terbentuk di
takterhingga?
b. Berapa perbesaran sudutnya bila bayangan yang terjadi terbentuk di depan
mata se-jauh 25 cm?

Jawab:
a. Bayangan terbentuk di takterhingga: si =  , dan sesuai dengan Hukum
Gauss, maka harga so = f = 12,5 cm.
Perbesaran sudut  = 25/f   = 2x
b. Bila bayangan yang terjadi berada di 25 cm depan mata, maka si = - 25 cm.
Sesuai Hukum Gauss: 1/f = 1/so + 1/si
2/25 = 1/so + 1/-25
1/so = 3/25
so = 8,33 cm,
maka perbesaran sudut  = 25/8,33 = 3x.
Plano Paralel of Glass
Known: r’ = i1 and n1 = n3
i n1

r’
n2
i1
n3
r1’

Sin i n2 Sin i1 n3
'
 and '
 than,
Sin r n1 Sin r1 n2
Sin i Sin i1 n2 n3
'
 '
  , so
Sin r Sin r1 n1 n2
Sin i n3
'

Sin r1 n1
Sin i
'
1
Sin r1
i  r1'
 i
C n1
t
A r’
d n2
α r’
D B
ABC n3
i
AC
  i  r ' , whereas sin  
BC
BCD
DC DC
cos r '  ,  BC  , than
BC cos r '
t = shifted laterally,
AC AC AC cos r ' d = thickness,
sin    
BC DC DC i = incident angle,
cos r ' r’ = refraction angle.
DC sin  sin i  r '
AC  ,t  d
cos r ' cos r '
 i1     m     m 
Minimum Deviation of Prism 1 1 1
2 2 2
sin i1
n
sin r1

sin
1
   m 
2 n
1
sin 
2
sin    m   n sin 
1 1
2 2
if  very small , than
1
   m   n 1 
2 2
 m  n 
 m  n 1 
r1 +  = 90 and With,  is apex angle of prism ,
1
n refraction index of prism ,
1
 +  =90. so r1 = 
2 2 and  m is min imum deviation
1
2 +  = 180 and m +  = 180. so m = 2, or    m
2
i1 = r1 + 