Understanding sanitation practices and

market in urban and peri-urban areas of

Udaipur
Date: 19/06/2019
Venue: Vidya Bhawan Polytechnic College
Public Infrastructure (STP, Household Infrastructure
Sewers, FSTP) (Toilets and Septic Tanks)

Sanitation

Products and Services

(Sanitation Shops, Mason, Knowledge and Beliefs
Plumber)
Sanitation in Udaipur
2011 2019
100.0%

90.0% 86.2%

80.0% 76.3% 74.8%

72.7%
70.0% 67.8%

60.0%
52.8%
50.0%
Udaipur has been
40.0%

30.0%
31.5%

24.4%
22.1%
declared ODF
20.5%
20.0% 17.9%
12.0% 12.5% 11.5%
10.0%
4.5%
2.9%
0.0%
Latrine Sewer Septic Tank Open defecation

Rajasthan Rajasthan(Urban) Udaipur Udaipur(Urban)

 Toilet adoption is considered as the function
of availability of toilets and it completely
neglects the role of quality of toilet
construction, maintenance and use of toilets.

Why this The role of public infrastructure in household

sanitation is not well understood.
study?
Recent research suggests that around 70% of
people rely on market for constructing toilets
but there is little understanding how
sanitation market is organized.
 To describe the household practices related
to toilet construction, maintenance and use
along with the behavioral and infrastructural
determinants of these practices for sub-
regions of the city divided based on different
levels of public infrastructure.
Research
Questions
To describe the supply chain of the
sanitation market in urban and peri-urban
areas of Udaipur.
Research Methodology: Household Survey

Exploratory study was done in Manoharpura which is a

small hamlet with mixed population.

Based on the findings from the exploratory study, a pilot

household survey was conducted.

Integrating the learnings from the exploratory study and

pilot survey, a final household survey was conducted.
Research Methodology: Sanitation Market

Sanitation market was divided in three components –

Desludging service
Sanitation Shops Masons / Plumbers
providers

Semi-structured interviews and focussed group discussions were

conducted to understand show the supply chain of sanitation
market was organised in Udaipur.
 Sampling – Household Survey

Strata 1 Strata 2 Strata 3

Udaipur Municipal Area Good PII 91 grids
55 Municipal wards
Average PII 133 grids
Low PII 216 grids
Slums
All the slums as notified by Nagar Nigam Udaipur
Large Dense Villages
All villages in the Udaipur Master plan-2031 with a
population greater than 1000 and density greater than 100
persons per sq. km.
PII and Grids
 Sample Size

Cluster units Sampling Units Number of Samples

91 Good PII grids 30 Grids 232 Households

133 Average PII grids 30 Grids 232 Households
216 Low PII grids 30 Grids 224 Households
Slums 5 Slums 181 Households
Large Dense Villages 5 LDV 201 Households
 Sampling – Sanitation Business

Method Sample Size

Sanitation Shops Random Cluster Sampling 31

Masons/Plumbers Convenience Sampling 18

Desludging Service All service providers 4
Providers
Construction, Maintenance
and Use of Toilet
Construction cost and Size of Septic tank
What influences septic tank size?
 Source of Money

• Most households,
either partially or fully,
invest their own money
in toilet construction.

• Many households,
especially in slums and
LDV have invested their
own money because
the government was
giving them subsidy.
Vent Pipes Septic Tank outlets
 Where is the septic
tank outlet ?

• Majority of the households

have their septic tank outlet
discharging waste water in
open or closed drains.

• In the low PII areas, around

11% of households who
have connected their septic
tank outlets to sewer line.
Maintenance Work Upgradation Work
Material for cleaning
toilet

• Toilet cleaning liquid is

the preferred choice for
households for cleaning
toilets.

• There are many

households in LDV and
slums use
surf/detergent for
cleaning toilets.
Cleaning Septic Tanks

• More households in the

municipal areas clean
their septic tanks in
comparison to slums
and LDV.

• This could be because

average toilet in the
municipal area is older
than the slums and LDV
 Why people clean
septic tanks ?

• Most people clean their

septic tanks only when
their septic tanks gets
filled.

• Educated and high

income households
also, empty their septic
tanks only when it gets
filled.
 How much do
households pay for
cleaning septic tanks?

• Slums and LDV are

paying more for
desludging septic tanks.

• High desludging costs

could discourage
emptying septic tanks
and encourage people
to build larger septic
tanks.
Sanitation behaviour and
Knowledge
 Access to Toilet

Almost all the Households in

the municipal areas have
access to toilet.

The households in the slums

and LDV have more than 10%
of households, practicing open
defecation.
What kind of material
households use for
washing hands?

Most households use separate

soap for washing hand after
using toilets.

The number of households

who use leftover soap is
significant across all the
household categories.

There are households,

especially in the large dense
villages who don’t use any
kind of soap.
 Is open
Open defecation defecation
in Locality in your
Openlocality harmful?
defecation far from locality
 Why Open
defecation?

• As we move from high

PII areas to slums and
LDV, we see an increase
in number of
households who cite
lack of toilets as reason
for open defecation
and decrease in
number of households
citing habit as reason
for open defecation.
Size of the septic tank
and desludging

• Slums and high PII

areas have higher
proportion of
population who agree
that larger septic tank
should be built to avoid
desludging.

• Both slums and high PII

areas have high density,
which makes
desludging difficult.
Sanitation Shops
Supply chain
 Retail Vs Wholesale

Retail Wholesale
Annual Sales revenue 9 Lakhs 21 Lakhs
Number of employee 1 4
Expenditure per employee Rs. 5290 Rs. 5049
Rent paid Rs. 8000 Rs. 20000
Extra Storage Space Few All
 Comparing Shops- Location wise

Good Average Low LDV

Type of shops Wholesale Wholesale Mostly Retail shops
and Retail and Retail retail shop
Age of shops 16.7 11.1 5.3 20
Number of 3.4 1.5 1.2 0
employees
Expenditure per Rs. 4216 Rs. 3591 Rs. 6400 NA
employee
 Most sanitation shops use traditional
business networks of mason, plumbers and
contractors for advertisement and marketing.

Advertisement Gradually shops have started using internet

and social media for advertising their shops
and Marketing and businesses.

Sanitation market in Udaipur has not been

proactive in promoting newer sanitation
products.
Masons and Plumbers
 What kind of toilets Septic tank
and Sewer
can they construct? line

Constructing Time taken to 8 to 10 days

construct a toilet
a toilet

Labour cost for Rs. 5000 to

toilet construction Rs. 8000
 They find work on most days of the
month.

They find work through friends,

Business relatives or previous customers.
networks People reach to them for work
through mobile phones.

Quid pro quo relation with sanitation

shop.
 Most households are
Choice of onsite pre-decided on the
sanitation system kind of sanitation
technology.

Decide on technical details

Who decides? Role of Masons and

Plumbers
like water seals, type of
traps, size of septic tanks etc.

How do masons and Size of the households,

Plumbers make technical economic status
decisions?
Way forward

Introduction of new sanitation

Focus on large dense villages
products in Udaipur and
and slums for toilet adoption
spreading awareness about
and behavioural change.
use of such products.

Involving private businesses

and masons as stakeholders in
improving the quality of
construction and maintenance
of toilets and providing
affordable solutions.
Focussing on behaviour change
related to other aspects of
FSSM like safe containment
structure, scheduled desludging
etc.
Thank You