Human

Respiration
 What is Human Respiration?
• The human respiratory
system allows one to
obtain oxygen,
eliminate carbon
dioxide.
• Breathing consists of
two phases, inspiration
and expiration
– Inspiration- the process of
taking in air
– Expiration- the process of
blowing out air
Title Page
 Hi I am O2 ,you can call
me oxygen, and I will be your guide today.
I advise you keep all feet
Oxygen Cell
and hands inside the ride at all times.
You may be asking, what is the
Respiratory system? Well, the
Respiratory system is the
Respiratory Intro

system that helps you breath in

and out, so oxygen (02) can be
pumped through your body and
carbon dioxide (CO2) can be
removed from the blood stream.
You must remember that the
Respiratory system is made up
of many different organs.
Where are we?

The Trachea is
held open by
partial rings of
cartilage.

Bronchioles pass air

to and from your
alveoli.
Very thin cells line the
alveoli so that O2 and CO2
can pass in and out of the
blood.
Picture Intro

Here is a overview picture of

the Respiratory System.

Just go to the next slide to see

it.
Nasal
Cavity
Throat
(pharynx)
Nose

Mouth
Windpipe
(Trachea)
Bronchus
Left lungs

Bronchiole Rib
s

Alveolus

Diaphragm
Now we will begin our tour.

Welcome to…
 Organs in the Respiratory System
STRUCTURE FUNCTION

warms, moistens, & filters air as it is

nose / nasal cavity
inhaled

pharynx (throat) passageway for air, leads to trachea

the voice box, where vocal chords are

larynx
located

keeps the windpipe "open"

trachea is lined with fine hairs called
trachea (windpipe)
cilia which filter air before it reaches the
lungs

two branches at the end of the trachea,

bronchi
each lead to a lung

a network of smaller branches leading from

bronchioles the bronchi into the lung tissue &
ultimately to air sacs

the functional respiratory units in the lung

alveoli
where gases are exchanged
The Nose and Mouth

This is where it all begins.

This is where the oxygen first
enters your body and also where
Carbon Dioxide leaves.
 The Nose and Mouth
When the air comes into your nose it gets
filtered by tiny hairs and it is moistened by the
mucus that is in your nose.

Your sinuses also help out with your

Respiratory System. They help to moisten
and heat the air that you breath.

Air can also get into your body through your

mouth/oral cavity but air is not filtered as
much when it enters in through your mouth.
Picture of
NOSE

This is your NOSE

Inner of Your Nose

Nose and Mouth Picture

Here is a picture of your nasal and

oral cavity.
 Where Nasal Passage

are We?
We are here. Tongue
Pharynx

The
Bronchi Tubes
Trachea is
held open
by partial
Alveoli (air-sacs)
rings of
cartilage.
Thin-walled blood vessels called
capillaries
Very thin cells line
the alveoli so that
O2 and CO2 can
pass in and out of
the blood.
The Pharynx and
Trachea

Next we will head down to your pharynx

(throat) and your trachea (windpipe).
This is where the air passes from your
nose to your bronchi tubes and lungs.
 The Pharynx and Trachea
Mouth
Pharynx
(Throat)

Trachea

Your pharynx (throat) gathers air after it passes

through your nose and then the air is passed down to
your trachea (windpipe).

Your trachea is held open by “incomplete rings

of cartilage.” Without these rings your trachea
might close off and air would not be able to get
to and from your lungs. MB
 Nasal Passage

Where
are We? Tongue
Pharynx

We are here.
The
Bronchi Tubes Trachea is
held open
by partial
Alveoli (air-sacs) rings of
cartilage.
Bronchioles
pass air to and
from your
alveoli.
The Bronchi Tubes and
Bronchiole

Your trachea (windpipe) splits up into

two bronchi tubes. These two tubes keep
splitting up and form your bronchiole.
The Bronchi Tubes and
Bronchiole

These bronchi tubes split up, like

tree branches, and get smaller and smaller
inside your lungs.

The air flows past your bronchi tubes

and into your bronchiole. These tubes
keep getting smaller and smaller until they
finally end with small air sacs (called alveoli).
But we will go there later…
Alveoli and Bronchi Picture

Trachea

Bronchi Tubes

Bronchiole

Alveoli
 Nasal Passage

Where
are We? Tongue
Pharynx

The
Bronchi Tubes Trachea is
held open
by partial
Alveoli (air-sacs) rings of
cartilage.
Thin-walled blood vessels Bronchioles
called capillaries
We are here. pass air to and
from your
alveoli.
 The Alveoli and
Capillary Network

Now we will head over to the

alveoli and what happens when the
air finally makes it down there.

MB
 The Alveoli and Capillary
Network
Your alveoli are tiny air sacs
that fill up with air/oxygen when you
breath in.

Your alveoli are surrounded by

many tiny blood vessels called
capillaries.

The walls of your alveoli (and capillaries) are

so thin that the oxygen or carbon dioxide can
pass through them, traveling right into, or
out of your blood stream.
MB
 Alveoli Picture

Here is a close
up picture of
your Alveoli
and a Capillary
surrounding it.
Gaseous exchange in alveoli
 Where
are We?

The
Bronchi Tubes
Trachea is
held open
by partial
Alveoli (air-sacs)
rings of
cartilage.
Thin-walled blood vessels Bronchioles
called capillaries pass air to and
from your
alveoli.

We are here.
 Bronchiole

Respiratory Bronchiole

Alveolus
Alveolar Duct

Alveolar Sac
Capillaries

JH
Looking at the Alveoli

Lets take a closer

look shall we.

JH
 Red blood cell carrying Carbon dioxide

Chemicals

Chemical change is taking place in cell

Red blood cell carrying oxygen

Alveolus

Contiguous Basal Laminae (Membrane)

Capillary

JH
 Oxygen

Diffusion

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen diffuses
through the Alveolus
membrane into
the blood Contiguous Basal Laminae (Membrane*)
stream. Carbon
Capillary
Dioxide diffuses
through the
membrane and
enters the
alveolus.

* A specialized thin layer of skin

that oxygen and carbon dioxide
can pass through.
JH
Cool pictures
I
n
t
r
o
t
o
D
i
a
p
h
r
a
g
m

Now we will look at the Diaphragm. You

might be wondering, what does the
Diaphragm do? The Diaphragm is an
important factor in breathing.
 According to the site of the
respiratory gas exchange can be
divided into 2 types, namely breathing
in and breathing out.
 Breathing In
breathing in the breath that occurs
between the capillary blood to the
body cells
 Breathing Out
Breathing out is the air exchange
that occurs between the air in the
alveoli with blood in the capillary
 Sign out air in the lungs is influenced
by differences in air pressure in the
chest cavity with air pressure outside
the body. If the pressure outside the
chest cavity is greater then the air will
enter. Conversely, if the pressure in
the chest cavity is greater then the air
will come out.
Breathing mechanism
divided into 2

oChest breathing
oStomach
breathing
RESPIRATION tools in
human
Breathing/Respiration is

The physical movements

associated with the gaseous
exchange. They are controlled by
the respiratory center of the
medulla oblongata in the human
brain
 Chest Breathing
Is the breathing
that involve
muscles between
the cartilage

<< back
Stomach Breathing

Is the breathing
that its
mechanism
involved with
diaphragm
muscles activity
that separate
chest cavity with
stomach cavity
 Physical
movements

 Inspiration or
inhalation
 Expiration or
exhalation
Inspiration
 Inspiration

is the movement of air from the

external environment, through the air
ways, and into the alveoli.
 Inspiration
This phase is the contraction of
the ribs so that cartilages chest
muscle/diaphragm muscles swelled,
as a result of pressure within the
chest cavity becomes smaller than
the pressure outside so that
outside air that rich in oxygen
comes in
Inspiration process
Expiration or exhalation
 Expiration
is the movement of air out of
the bronchial tubes, through the
airways to the external
environment during breathing.
 Exhalation
This phase is the phase or the return
of muscle /diaphragm relaxation to
its original position so , As a result,
the pressure inside the
chest/diaphragm cavity becomes
larger than the outside pressure, so
the air in the chest cavity rich in
carbon dioxide goes out.
Expiration process
Here is an experiment that you
can try.
Diaphragm Experiment
 1st you need a bottle that you can sacrifice to
cut up.

Experiment
2nd you cut the bottom of the bottle and put a big
balloon on the bottom.

Instructions
3rd get a rubber cork ( make sure it blocks the
hole)and put a hole through it ( top to bottom). Insert
a thin tube into the cork and place a balloon on the
bottom of the tube.

4th make sure the thing is airtight.

JH
CO2 Air Passing over the Inside the lungs
mucus membrane of the Bronchi
the nasal cavity is branch into small
moistened, warmed, tubes called
and filtered bronchioles

The Pharynx, or
throat, is located

Respiratory
where passages from
the nose and mouth
came together.

Overview Review
At the end of the
bronchioles are
bunches of
alveoli, air sacs,
arranged like
grapes on athe
Air enters stem
trachea, or wind
pipe which leads
If one lobe is injured
to and from the
or diseased, the other
lungs
lobes may be able to
function normally The trachea divides
into two tubes
On
 Respiratory Diseases
• Influenza
• Asthma
• Lung Cancer
• Tuberculoses • Difteri.
• Emphysema
• Pneumonia
• Adenoid Face
• Acidosis
• ZAT MAKANAN + O2  ENERGI +
CO2 +H2O
 Asthma
• Asthma is an inflammatory
condition of the lungs that makes it
difficult to breathe.
• People with asthma must be stay
away to the trigger
• Their airways will produce extra
mucus, swell even more, and the
muscles that wrap around the
airways may tighten
• If severe, the symptoms can cause
severe shortness of breathe and low
The Cause Of Asthma

Cause

Genetic Environmental
Factors Factors

Relatives Stimuli
 Asthma
Asthma is characterized by excessive sensitivity
of the lungs to various stimuli
Each person reacts differently to the factors that
may trigger their asthma, including:
• respiratory infections and colds
• cigarette smoke
• allergens such as pollen, mold, animal dander,
feathers, dust, food and cockroaches
• exercise
• exposure to cold air or sudden temperature
change
• odors and fumes
• excitement or stress
Back to Menu
 INFLUENZA
• Shortness of breath
• Cough
• Tightness in chest
• Itching in neck
• Dry Cough
• Cyanosis • Identifying Triggers
• Confusion
SYMPTOMS
• Cough
• Chills
• Fever
• Headache
• Sore Throat
• Muscle Pains
• Weakness
 Prevention
Immunisation against influenza
will gives fair protection.
You must be
Immumized within a
Week to four months
period to exposure for
the shot to be effective.
TRANSMISSION
• Bird Droppings
• Saliva
• Nasal Secretions
• Faeces
• Blood
• Sneezing
Transmissio
n
• Lung cancer is the uncontrolled
growth of abnormal cells in one or
both of the lungs
• These abnormal cells reproduce
faster and never grow into normal
tissue.
• Lump of cancer cells (tumors) then
form and disturb the lung, making it
difficult for it to work properly
 TYPES
OF LUNG CANCER

SMALL LUNG NON-SMALL/

CANCER BIG LUNG CANCER
 Cause Of Lung Cancer
•Smoking
•Subtances
that
inhaled in
Workplaces
SYMPTOMS
 TREATMENT
Radiotherapy
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Drugs
• Bronchitis is an inflammation of the
bronchial tubes, the major airways
into the lungs. It may be caused by a
variety of bacteria and viruses and
may be primary or secondary to an
upper respiratory infection, pertussis
(whooping cough) or other infection.
Bronchitis
 Tuberculosis (TBC)
• Tuberculosis (abbreviated TB, which can
also stand for tubercle bacillus) is a
common and often deadly infectious disease
caused by micro bacteria.
• Tuberculosis is spread through the air,
when people who have the disease cough,
sneeze, or spit. Most infections in human
beings will result in asymptomatic, latent
infection, and about one in ten latent
infections will eventually progress to active
disease, which, if left untreated, kills more
than half of its victims.
 Tuberculosis (TBC)
It is important to understand that there is
a difference between being infected with
TB and having TB disease.
Someone who is infected with TB has the
TB germs, or bacteria, in their body. The
body's defenses are protecting them from
the germs and they are not sick..
Someone with TB disease is sick and can
spread the disease to other people. A
person with TB disease needs to see a
doctor as soon as possible.
• It is not easy to become infected with
tuberculosis. Usually a person has to be
close to someone with TB disease for a
long period of time. TB is usually spread
between family members, close friends,
and people who work or live together. TB
is spread most easily in closed spaces
over a long period of time. However,
transmission in an airplane, although rare,
has been documented.
Malfunctions & Diseases of the Respiratory System

severe allergic reaction

asthma characterized by the
constriction of bronchioles

inflammation of the lining of

bronchitis
the bronchioles

condition in which the alveoli

emphysema deteriorate, causing the lungs
to lose their elasticity

condition in which the alveoli

become filled with fluid,
pneumonia
preventing the exchange of
gases

irregular & uncontrolled

lung cancer growth of tumors in the lung
tissue
 Fun Facts
* At rest, the body takes in and breathes out about 10 liters
of air each minute.
* The right lung is slightly larger than the left.
* The highest recorded "sneeze speed" is 165 km per hour.
* The surface area of the lungs is roughly the same size as a
tennis court.
* The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600 kilometers
if placed end to end.
* We lose half a liter of water a day through breathing. This is
the water vapor we see when we breathe onto glass.
* A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and 15 times
a minute.
* The breathing rate is faster in children and women than in
men.
 Key Words
• Respiratory System- The group of organs in your body that are
responsible for taking in Oxygen and breathing out the Carbon
Dioxide which is the waste product of cellular respiration.
• Oxygen-The gas that your body needs to work and function.
• Carbon Dioxide- The waste product (gas) that is produced
through respiration of people and animals.
• Nose/Nasal Cavity- Where Oxygen first enters your body. Tiny
hairs help filter the air and air is moistened and heated by your
nose. Your Nose leads into your Nasal Cavity.
• Mouth/Oral Cavity- Oxygen/air can also enter through your
Mouth but it is not filtered. Your Mouth opens up into your Oral
Cavity.
• Sinus- A cavity in the bones of your skull that helps moisten and
heat the air that you breath.
• Pharynx/Throat- Gathers air from your Nasal and Oral Cavities
and passes it to your Trachea.
• Trachea/Windpipe- A tube like pathway that connects your
throat to your Bronchi Tubes and lungs. Air passes through it
when it travels from the Pharynx to the Bronchi Tubes.
 Key Words Cont.
• Bronchi Tubes- Each tube (one per lung) splits up into many
smaller tubes called Bronchiole, like branches on a tree.
• Bronchiole- Keep splitting up until they reach your Alveoli.
• Respiratory Bronchiole- The air-tubes that are actually
connected to the Alveoli.
• Alveolar Duct- The final tube, which is part of the Alveoli, that
leads to the air-sacs.
• Alveolar Sac- Where the chemical change takes place and where
blood cells pick up oxygen and drop off carbon dioxide.
• Alveoli- Tiny air-sacs at the end of your Alveolar Duct. They fill
up with Oxygen and are surrounded by Capillaries.
• Capillaries- Tiny blood streams (around one cell wide) that
surround your Alveoli. They take Oxygen out of our Lungs and
replace it with Carbon Dioxide, which you later breath out.
• Diaphragm- The muscle membrane that helps you breath in and
out by changing the pressure in your chest cavity.
 Organs in the Respiratory System
STRUCTURE FUNCTION

warms, moistens, & filters air as it is

nose / nasal cavity
inhaled

pharynx (throat) passageway for air, leads to trachea

the voice box, where vocal chords are

larynx
located

keeps the windpipe "open"

trachea is lined with fine hairs called
trachea (windpipe)
cilia which filter air before it reaches the
lungs

two branches at the end of the trachea,

bronchi
each lead to a lung

a network of smaller branches leading from

bronchioles the bronchi into the lung tissue &
ultimately to air sacs

the functional respiratory units in the lung

alveoli
where gases are exchanged