Common Variable Types in Elasticity

Elasticity theory is a mathematical model of material deformation. Using principles of

continuum mechanics, it is formulated in terms of many different types of field
variables specified at spatial points in the body under study. Some examples include:

Scalars - Single magnitude

mass density , temperature T, modulus of elasticity E, . . .

Vectors – Three components in three dimensions

displacement vector u  ue1  ve 2  we 3 , e1, e2, e3 are unit basis vectors

Matrices – Nine components in three dimensions

stress matrix
  x  xy  xz 
 
[]   yx  y  yz 
  zx  zy  z 
 
Other – Variables with more than nine components

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Index/Tensor Notation
With the wide variety of variables, elasticity formulation makes use of a tensor
formalism using index notation. This enables efficient representation of all
variables and governing equations using a single standardized method.
Index notation is a shorthand scheme whereby  a1   a11 a12 a13 
a whole set of numbers or components can be a i  a 2  , a ij  a 21 a 22 a 23 
represented by a single symbol with subscripts a 3  a 31 a 32 a 33 

In general a symbol aij…k with N distinct indices represents 3N distinct numbers

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and equality of index symbols are defined in
the normal fashion; e.g.
 a1  b1   a11  b11 a12  b12 a13  b13 
ai  bi  a2  b2  , aij  bij  a21  b21 a22  b22 a23  b23 
   
 a3  b3  a31  b31 a32  b32 a33  b33 

 a1  a11 a12 a13   a1b1 a1b2 a1b3 

ai  a2  , aij  a21 a22
  
a23 
 ai b j  a2 b1 a2 b2 a2 b3 
 
a3  a31 a32 a33  a3b1 a3b2 a3b3 

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Notation Rules and Definitions
Summation Convention - if a subscript appears twice in the same term,
summation over that subscript from one to three is implied; for example
3
aii   aii  a11  a22  a33
i 1
3
aij b j   aij b j  ai1b1  ai 2b2  ai 3b3
j 1

A symbol aij…m…n…k is said to be symmetric with respect to index pair mn if

aij... m... n... k  aij... n... m... k

A symbol aij…m…n…k is said to be antisymmetric with respect to index pair mn if

aij... m... n... k  aij... n... m... k

1 1
Useful Identity aij  (aij  a ji )  (aij  a ji )  a( ij)  a[ij]
2 2
1 1
a( ij )  ( aij  a ji ) . . . symmetric a[ij ]  ( aij  a ji ) . . . antisymmetric
2 2

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Example 1-1: Index Notation Examples
1 2 0  2
The matrix aij and vector bi are specified by aij  0 4 3 , bi  4
2 1 2 0

Determine the following quantities: aii , aij aij , aij a jk , aij b j , aij bi b j , bi bi , bi b j , a(ij ) , a[ij ]
Indicate whether they are a scalar, vector or matrix.

Following the standard definitions given in section 1.2,

aii  a11  a 22  a33  7 (scalar)
aij aij  a11 a11  a12 a12  a13 a13  a 21 a 21  a 22 a 22  a 23 a 23  a31 a31  a32 a32  a33 a33
 1  4  0  0  16  9  4  1  4  39 (scalar)
1 10 6 
aij a jk  ai1 a1k  ai 2 a 2 k  ai 3 a3k  6 19 18 (matrix)
6 10 7 
10
aij b j  ai1b1  ai 2 b2  ai 3b3  16 (vector) 1 2 0 1 0 2 1 1 1 
 aij  a ji   0
1  1
4 1   1 4 2
1
 8  a (ij ) 4 3   2 (matrix)
2 2 2
2 1 2 0 3 2 1 2 2
aij bi b j  a11b1b1  a12 b1b2  a13b1b3  a 21b2 b1    84 (scalar)
1 2 0 1 0 2  0 1  1
bi bi  b1b1  b2 b2  b3b3  4  16  0  20 (scalar)
 aij  a ji   0
1  1
4 1    1 0 1  (matrix)
1
a[ij ] 4 3   2
 4 8 0 2 2 2
2 1 2 0 3 2  1  1 0 
bi b j  8 16 0 (matrix)
0 0 0

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Special Index Symbols
1 0 0
1 , if i  j (no sum) 
Kronecker Delta ij    0 1 0
0 , if i  j  
0 0 1
 ij   ji
 ii  3 ,  i i  1
Properties: ij a j  ai , ij ai  a j
 ij a jk  aik ,  jk aik  aij
 ij aij  aii , ij ij  3

 1 , if ijk is an even permutation of 1,2,3


Alternating or Permutation Symbol  ijk    1 , if ijk is an odd permutation of 1,2,3
 0 , otherwise

123 = 231 = 312 = 1, 321 = 132 = 213 = -1, 112 = 131 = 222 = . . . = 0

Useful in evaluating determinants a11 a12 a13

and vector cross-products det[ aij ]  | aij |  a21 a22 a23  ijk a1i a2 j a3k  ijk ai1a j 2 ak 3
a31 a32 a33

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Coordinate Transformations
x3

x 3
To express elasticity variables in different
v
coordinate systems requires development of
transformation rules for scalar, vector, matrix
e3 x 2 and higher order variables – a concept
e3
e2
x2
connected with basic definitions of tensor
e1 e2 variables. The two Cartesian frames (x1,x2,x3)
e1 and ( x 1, x 2 , x 3 ) differ only by orientation
x1
x 1

Using Rotation Matrix Qij  cos( xi, x j )

e1  Q11e1  Q12 e 2  Q13e3
ei  Qij e j
e 2  Q21e1  Q22 e 2  Q23e3
ei  Q ji e j
e3  Q31e1  Q32 e 2  Q33e3

v  v1e1  v2 e2  v3e3  vi ei vi  Qij v j transformation laws

for Cartesian vector
 v1e1  v2 e2  v3 e3  viei vi  Q ji v j
components

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Cartesian Tensors
General Transformation Laws
Scalars, vectors, matrices, and higher order quantities can be represented by an
index notational scheme, and thus all quantities may then be referred to as
tensors of different orders. The transformation properties of a vector can be
used to establish the general transformation properties of these tensors.
Restricting the transformations to those only between Cartesian coordinate
systems, the general set of transformation relations for various orders are:

a   a , zero order (scalar)

ai  Qip a p , first order (vector)
aij  QipQ jq a pq , second order (matrix)
  QipQ jqQkr a pqr , third order
aijk
  QipQ jqQkr Qls a pqrs , fourth order
aijkl

 ... m  QipQ jqQkr    Qmt a pqr... t general order
aijk

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Example 1-2 Transformation Examples
The components of a first and second order tensor in a particular coordinate frame are given by

1  1 0 3
 
ai  4 , aij  0 2 2
    x3
2 3 2 4
x 3
Determine the components of each tensor in a new coordinate system
found through a rotation of 60o (/6 radians) about the x3-axis.
Choose a counterclockwise rotation when viewing down the negative
x3-axis, see Figure 1-2.
x 2
The original and primed coordinate systems are shown in Figure 1-2.
The solution starts by determining the rotation matrix for this case
x2
o
 cos 60 cos 30 cos 90  1 / 2 3 / 2 0 60
 
Qij  cos 150 cos 60 cos 90   3 / 2 1 / 2 0 x 1
 
 cos 90 cos 90 cos 0   0 0 1 x1
The transformation for the vector quantity follows from equation (1.5.1)2
 1/ 2 3 / 2 0 1 1 / 2  2 3 
   
ai  Qij a j   3 / 2 1 / 2 0 4   2  3 / 2 
 
 0 0 1  2  2 
   
and the second order tensor (matrix) transforms according to (1.5.1)3
T
 1/ 2 3 / 2 0 1 0 3  1 / 2 3 / 2 0  7/4 3/4 3/ 2  3 
     
aij  Qip Q jq a pq   3 / 2 1 / 2 0 0 2 2  3 / 2 1 / 2 0   3 / 4 5/ 4 1  3 3 / 2
 0 0 1 3 2 4  0 0 1 3 / 2  3 1  3 3 / 2 4 
  

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Principal Values and Directions for
Symmetric Second Order Tensors
The direction determined by unit vector n is said to be a principal direction or
eigenvector of the symmetric second order tensor aij if there exists a parameter
 (principal value or eigenvalue) such that
aij n j  ni ( aij   ij )n j  0
Relation is a homogeneous system of three linear algebraic equations in the
unknowns n1, n2, n3. The system possesses nontrivial solution if and only if
determinant of coefficient matrix vanishes

det[ aij  ij ]  3  I a 2  II a   III a  0

scalars Ia, IIa and IIIa are called the fundamental invariants of the tensor aij
I a  aii  a11  a 22  a33
1 a a12 a22 a23 a11 a13
II a  (aii a jj  aij aij )  11  
2 a21 a22 a32 a33 a31 a33
III a  det[ aij ]

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Principal Axes of Second Order Tensors
It is always possible to identify a right-handed Cartesian coordinate system such
that each axes lie along principal directions of any given symmetric second order
tensor. Such axes are called the principal axes of the tensor, and the basis
vectors are the principal directions {n(1), n(2) , n(3)}
x3

x3
 1 0 0
 a11 a13 
aij   0  2 0
a12
aij  a21 a22 a23   
 0 0  3 
 a31 a32 a33 
x2
n(3) n(2)
x2

n(1)

x1
x1

Original Given Axes Principal Axes

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Example 1-3 Principal Value Problem
2 0 0 
Determine the invariants, and principal values and directions of aij  0 3 4 
 
0 4  3

First determine the principal invariants

2 0 3 4 2 0
I a  aii  2  3  3  2 , II a     6  25  6  25
0 3 4 3 0 3
2 0 0
III a  0 3 4  2(9  16)  50
0 4 3
The characteristic equation then becomes
det[aij   ij ]  3  22  25  50  0  (  2)(2  25)  0
 1  5 ,  2  2 ,  3  5
Thus for this case all principal values are distinct
For the 1 = 5 root, equation (1.6.1) gives the system
 3n1(1)  0
 2n2(1)  4n3(1)  0
4n2(1)  8n3(1)  0
1
which gives a normalized solution n(1)   ( 2e 2  e 3 )
5 1
In similar fashion the other two principal directions are found to be n( 2 )   e1 n( 3)   ( e 2  2e 3 )
It is easily verified that these directions are mutually orthogonal. 5
Note for this case, the transformation matrix Qij defined by (1.4.1) becomes
0 2 / 5 1 / 5  5 0 0 
 
Qij  1 0 0  aij  0 2 0 
 
0 1 / 5  2 / 5  0 0  5
 

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Vector, Matrix and Tensor Algebra
Scalar or Dot Product a  b  a1b1  a2 b2  a3b3  ai bi

e1 e 2 e3
Vector or Cross Product a  b  a1 a2 a3  ijk a j bk ei
b1 b2 b3

Common Matrix Products

Aa  [ A]{a}  Aij a j  a j Aij
aT A  {a}T [ A]  ai Aij  Aij ai
AB  [ A][ B]  Aij B jk Second Order
ABT  Aij Bkj
TransformationLaw
aij  Qip Q jq a pq 
AT B  A ji B jk
a   QaQ T
tr( AB)  Aij B ji
tr( ABT )  tr( AT B)  Aij Bij

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Calculus of Cartesian Tensors
Field concept for tensor components a  a ( x1 , x2 , x3 )  a ( xi )  a ( x )
ai  ai ( x1 , x2 , x3 )  ai ( xi )  ai ( x )
aij  aij ( x1 , x2 , x3 )  aij ( xi )  aij ( x )


  
Comma notation for partial differentiation a,i  a , ai , j  ai , aij ,k  aij , 
xi x j xk

If differentiation index is distinct, order of the tensor will be increased by one;

e.g. derivative operation on a vector produces a second order tensor or matrix

 a1 a1 a1 

 x x2 x3 
 1
a a 2 a 2 
ai , j  2
 x1 x2 x3 
 a a3 a3 
 3 
 x1 x2 x3 

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Vector Differential Operations
df f dx f dy f dz
Directional Derivative of Scalar Field     n  f
ds x ds y ds z ds
dx dy dz
n  unit normal vector in directionof s  e1  e 2  e 3
ds ds ds
  
  vector differential operator  e1  e2  e3
x y z
f f f
f  grad f  gradient of scalar function f  e1  e2  e3
x y z

Common Differential Operations

Gradient of a Scalar   ,i ei
Gradient of a Vector u  u i , j e i e j
Laplacian of a Scalar  2       ,ii
Divergence of a Vector   u  ui ,i
Curl of a Vector   u   ijk uk , j ei
Laplacian of a Vector  2 u  ui ,kk ei

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Example 1-4: Scalar/Vector Field Example
Scalar and vector field functions are given by   x 2  y 2 u  2 xe1  3 yze 2  xye 3
Calculate the following expressions, , 2,  ∙ u, u,   u.

Contours =constant and vector distributions of 

Using the basic relations:
vector field  is orthogonal to -contours (ture in general )
Gradient Vector Distribution
  2 xe1  2 ye 2 10

2  2  2  0 - (satisfies Laplace equation) 8

 ∙ u  2  3z  0  2  3z
6
2 0 0 
u  ui , j   0 3 z 3 y 
4
 
 y x 0  2

y
e1 e2 e3 0

  u   / x  / y  / z  ( x  3 y )e1  ye 2 -2
x
2x 3 yz xy -4

-6

-8

-10
-10 -5 0 5 10

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Vector/Tensor Integral Calculus

Divergence Theorem  S
u  n dS     u dV
V  S
aij... k nk dS   aij... k ,k dV
V

Stokes Theorem  u  dr  
C S
(  u)  n dS  C
aij... k dxt    rstaij... k ,s nr dS
S

Green’s Theorem in the Plane

 g f  g f
S  x  y dxdy  C ( fdx  gdy) S x dxdy  C gnx ds , S y dxdy  C fny ds

Zero-Value Theorem  V

f ij... k dV  0  f ij... k  0  V

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinate Systems
x3 x3

z ê z ê R
ê ê

êr e3
ê 
e3 R

x2 x2
e1 e2 e1 e2
 

x1 r x1

Cylindrical Coordinate System (r,,z) Spherical Coordinate System (R,,)

x1  r cos  , x2  r sin  , x3  z x1  R cos  sin  , x2  R sin  sin  , x3  R cos 

r  x12  x22 ,   tan 1

x2
, z  x3 R  x12  x22  x32
x1
x3
  cos 1
x12  x22  x32
x2
  tan 1 ,
x1

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 General Curvilinear Coordinate Systems
Common Differential Forms
x3 1  1  1  1 
3   eˆ1  eˆ 2  eˆ3   eˆ i
h1  1
h2  2
h3  3
hi  i
2
i

ê3 1 f 1 f 1 f 1 f
f  eˆ1  eˆ 2  eˆ3   eˆ i
h1  1
h2  2
h3  3
hi  i
ê2 i

ê1 1   h1h2 h3 
e3 u    
i 
u i  
1 h1h2 h3 i  hi 
x2 1   h1h2 h3  
e1 e2 2    
i  2


i 
h1h2 h3 i  i
( h ) 
 ijk 
x1   u   (u  k  hk )eˆi
i j k h j hk  j
   ( x , x , x ) , x  x ( ,  ,  )
m m 1 2 3 m m 1 2 3
eˆ i  u  j  eˆ j 
u    eˆ j  u  j  i 
  
i
(ds) 2  (h1d1 ) 2  (h2 d 2 ) 2  (h3 d3 ) 2 i j hi 
 eˆ    eˆ  u eˆ j  
 2 u    i  
i  
  k   j  eˆ j  u  j 
k 

 i hi    j k h k   k
 

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Example 1-5: Polar Coordinates
From relations (1.9.5) or simply using the geometry shown in Figure x2

eˆ r  cos e1  sin e 2 eˆ r eˆ eˆ eˆ

 eˆ ,   eˆ r , r    0
eˆ    sin e1  cos e 2   r r ê
êr
The basic vector differential operations then follow to be
 1  e2 r
  eˆ r  eˆ 
r r  
 1 
  eˆ r  eˆ  e1
x1
r r 
1  1 u  (ds ) 2  (dr ) 2  (rd) 2  h1  1 , h2  r
u  (ru r ) 
r r r 
1     1  2 
 
2
r  
r r  r  r 2  2
1  1 u r 
u   (ru  )  eˆ z
 r r r  
u u 1  u  1  u 
u  r eˆ r eˆ r   eˆ r eˆ    r  u  eˆ  eˆ r     u r eˆ  eˆ 
r r r    r   
 2 u u   2 u u 
 2 u    2 u r  2   2r eˆ r    2 u   2 r  2 eˆ 
 r  r   r  r 
where u  ur eˆ r  ueˆ θ , eˆ z  eˆ r  eˆ θ

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island