External Flows

ME 5200
Section 4 – Flow Around Immersed Bodies

Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Moratuwa
Dr. Chathura Ranasinghe

4. FLOW AROUND IMMERSED BODIES
Contents
• Introduction
• Boundary layer
• Fluid dynamics forces
• Flow interference
• Flow induced vibration
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Introduction
 Some applications
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Introduction
 Some applications
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Introduction
 Classification of external flows
 Fully immersed in compressible flow
 Partly immersed with a free surface
 Compressible flow around high speed objects
Present focus is mainly on incompressible flows around fully

submerged bodies
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Introduction
 Bluff (blunt) Vs Streamlined bodies
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
 Flow separation
Free shear layer
Flow separation
Near
Far
wake
wake
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Boundary layer
 Boundary layer development
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Boundary layer
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Boundary layer
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Boundary layer
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Boundary layer
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Boundary layer
Ma = 3.0
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Boundary layer
 Boundary layer separation
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Boundary layer
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Boundary layer
 Laminar Vs Turbulent separation
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Boundary layer
 Laminar Vs Turbulent separation
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Boundary layer
 Boundary layer separation in a circular cylinder
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Boundary layer
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Fluid dynamic forces

 Effect of skin friction and pressure
Friction Drag
1 2
𝐷𝑓 = 𝐶𝐷𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝜌𝑈
2
Pressure Drag
1 2
𝐷𝑝 = 𝐶𝐷𝑝 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝜌𝑈
2
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 Drag and Lift
Drag in general
1 2
𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝜌𝑈
2
Lift force
1 2
𝐿 = 𝐶𝐿 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝜌𝑈
2
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 Drag on a circular cylinder
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 Drag coefficient
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 Drag coefficient
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 2D Drag coefficients
1.55
FLOW
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 Pressure distribution
𝑝 − 𝑝0 𝑉2
Pressure Coefficient 𝐶𝑝 = = 1− 2
1 2 𝑈
𝜌𝑈
2
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Three dimensional flow

 3D Cube (building)
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Three dimensional flow

 3D cylinder with finite lenght
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 3D Drag coefficients
FLOW
 3D drag coefficients are smaller than corresponding 2D value
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Flow interference
 Cylinders in tandem
L/D = 1.5
L/D = 2.3
L/D = 5.0
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Flow interference
 Cylinders in tandem
(A) Shear layers of upstream cylinder do not re-attach to downstream cylinder

(B) Shear layers of upstream cylinder are captured by the downstream one, but no
vortex formation in the gap
(C) Symmetric vortices are formed between the cylinders
(D) Symmetric vortices become unstable and start to grow
(E) Shear layers of upstream cylinder roll up near the downstream cylinder
(F) Near wake region ends before the downstream body and vortices are shed in the
gap region in a regular way ME 5002 33
Flow interference
 Side by side cylinders
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Flow interference
 Side by side cylinders
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Flow interference
 Cylinders in a V
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Flow induced forces

 Importance
 Civil engineering structures are often build to carry loads
 But, not to generate lift or drag
 So, they are not aerodynamically optimized
 Flow around structures can induce strong unsteady forces
 It could result in structural vibrations which may lead to
fatigue failures
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Vortex induced vibration

 Some examples
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 Lift and drag
Drag Avg. Drag ≠ 0
Lift Avg. Lift = 0
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 Vortex shedding frequency
Vortex shedding frequency = F (velocity, body size, shape)
𝒇𝒔 = F (U, D, shape)
𝑈
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑆𝑡
𝐷
For a circular cylinder Strouhal number is ~ 0.2
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 Lock-in phenomenon
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 Lock-in phenomenon
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 Galloping instability
 Associated with vibrations in asymmetric structures
 When the asymmetric structure vibrates, the relative
direction of the flow also changes
 If the properties of the system are such that the oscillating
fluid tend to increase the vibration of the structure, the
phenomenon is called galloping
 The amplitude of vibration could be very large here
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 Galloping instability
𝜕𝐶𝐿
Instability criteria + 𝐶𝐷 <0
𝜕𝛼 0
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 VIV suppression
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 VIV suppression
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 VIV Control
 Tuned mass damper
Taipei 101’s damper was built at a cost of US$4 million, and it is the world’s largest
tuned mass damper, and perhaps the only one visible to the public.
The damper consist of a steel sphere 18 feet across and weighing 728 ton,
suspended from the 92nd to the 87th floor.
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 VIV Control
 Tuned mass damper - liquid
One Rincon hill, San Francisco

ME 5002 50

External Flows

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ME 5200

Section 4 – Flow Around Immersed Bodies

Dr. Chathura Ranasinghe

Present focus is mainly on incompressible flows around fully

Fluid dynamic forces

Fluid dynamic forces

Fluid dynamic forces

Fluid dynamic forces

Fluid dynamic forces

Fluid dynamic forces

Fluid dynamic forces

Three dimensional flow

Three dimensional flow

Fluid dynamic forces

 3D drag coefficients are smaller than corresponding 2D value

(A) Shear layers of upstream cylinder do not re-attach to downstream cylinder

Flow induced forces

Vortex induced vibration

Vortex induced vibration

Lift Avg. Lift = 0

Vortex induced vibration

Vortex shedding frequency = F (velocity, body size, shape)

For a circular cylinder Strouhal number is ~ 0.2

Vortex induced vibration

Vortex induced vibration

Vortex induced vibration

Vortex induced vibration

Vortex induced vibration

Vortex induced vibration

Vortex induced vibration

Vortex induced vibration

Vortex induced vibration

Vortex induced vibration

One Rincon hill, San Francisco

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