Unit 7

Periodic Trends
 Trends in Reactivity
Decreases Increases

Li

Decreases
Increases

Na

K
 Trends in Reactivity
Decreases Most Reactive NonMetal
Increases

Li F

Decreases
Increases

Na

Fr

Most Reactive Metal

 Which element is more reactive?

1. Mg or Sr ?
2. K or Ca ?
3. Cl or I ?
4. Si or S ?
 Arranging the Periodic Table
6.9 9.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2 23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 40.0

 When elements are arranged in order of atomic

mass, a pattern is found with repeating properties
 Table was arranged to align elements with similar
properties
 Later realized each column also has same # of
valence electrons
 It is valence electron arrangement that
determines properties of an element
 Periodic Patterns:
Elements in the same column have similar
properties
So Mendeleev lined up
elements with similar
properties in the same
Li Whatcolumn.
else is similar about
all elements in the same
Na column?

K
 Arranging the Periodic Table
 Later realized each column also has same # of
valence electrons
 It is valence electron arrangement that
determines properties of an element
 Mendeleev

 Mendeleev left blank spaces where no

elements matched properties
 Mendeleev predicted the existence of
undiscovered elements
 Mendeleev predicted the properties of
these undiscovered elements
 Atomic Attractions
 What holds the earth in its orbit?
 What holds the electrons in the atom?
 Trends in Attractions
Moving down a column

Li

Focus on
attractions between
nucleus and Na
valence electrons

K
 Trends in Attractions
Moving down a column

Li

Which element
has a stronger hold
on its Na
valence electron?

K
Trends in Attractions
Moving down a column

Close to nucleus Li
Strongest
Attraction

Na

Far from nucleus K

Weakest
Attraction
Trends in Attractions
Moving down a column

Least Shielding Li
Strongest
Attraction

Na

Most Shielding K
Weakest
Attraction
Trends in Attractions
Moving down a column

Li
Strongest
Attraction

As you move
Na
Down a column,
the attraction …….

K
Weakest
Attraction
Trends in Attractions
Moving across a row

C N O
Trends in Attractions
Moving across a row

C N O

Same Energy Level

Which element
(Distance)
has a stronger hold
Same Amount of
on its valence electrons?
Shielding
 Trends in Attractions
Moving across a row

Strongest
Weakest Attraction
C N O
Attraction

6 7 8
Protons Protons Protons

As you move across a row, the attraction …….

 Which atom is bigger?

F or Cl ? Li

Na
Going down any column,
the atoms get bigger because you
are adding energy levels
K
 Which atom is bigger?

C or O ?
C N O

6 7 8
Protons Protons Protons

Moving across any row, the atoms

Get smaller because energy level
Is same, but attraction increases
Trends in Sizes of Atoms
 Which element is bigger?
1. Mg or Sr ?
2. K or Ca ?
3. Cl or I ?
4. Si or S ?
 Trends in Sizes of Ions

What happens to the

size of an atom when an
electron is removed?
Why?
 Trends in Sizes of Ions

What happens to
the size of an
atom when an
electron is
added? Why?
Trends in Sizes of Ions of Different
Elements
 Whois bigger K or Cl ?
 Compare the two ions

Protons Electrons

K+ 19 18

Cl- 17 18
 Which element is bigger?
1. Mg or Mg+2 ?
2. Se or Se-2
3. Ca or Ca+2
4. Fe+2 or Fe+3
5. * O-2 and F-1
6. * Sr+2 and Br-1

* Look at electron – proton breakdown and think tug-of-war

 Go to Ionization Energy Worksheet
Exceptions to the trends in
Ionization Energy
What Elements have the highest
Ionization Energy ? Why?
 What happens to IE as you move
across a row?
 What would a graph look like of IE?
Ionization Energy

Li Be B C N O F Ne
Does the graph for row 2 appear as
the trends predict?
 What Groups have higher
ionization energies than expected?
 Draw Orbital Notation for:
 Group II: Mg
Why do you think these
groups have higher
 Group V: N
ionization energies than
expected?
 d10 Group: Zn
 Electron Affinity
 Energy change that occurs when you add
an electron to an atom
What charge will it have ?
-
+ e-

Will ion be bigger or smaller ?

 Trends in Electron Affinity
 What Groups would want e-’s?
 What Groups would not want e-’s?
 Turn to page 182 in text
 What do you first notice about affinities?
 Energy and Chemical Reactions

I. All chemical reactions are accompanied

by a change in energy
A. If energy is taken in / absorbed / added /
required
1. Reaction is endothermic
2. Energy change has positive sign (system is
gaining energy)
3. Example:
A. Water + energy  Hydrogen + Oxygen

Energy term will go on left side of equation

Energy and Chemical Reactions

B. If energy is given off / released / produced

1. Reaction is exothermic
2. Energy change has negative sign (system is
losing energy)
3. Example:
A. CH4 + oxygen  CO2 + H2O + energy

Energy term will go on right side of equation

 You turn: Label each reaction as
endo or exothermic
1. When water changes from a liquid to a
gas, it requires 44 kJ of energy.
2. You body reacts glucose with oxygen to
produce CO2 and H2O. The energy
change for this process is -2803 kJ.
3. The melting of ice.
4. KMnO4 + 42.1kJ  K+ + MnO4-
5. The burning of coal.
 Writing Equations with energy
Show the removal of an e- from magnesium

Show the addition of an e- to magnesium

Show the addition of an e- to bromine

 Review Practice
Ca, Na, Hg, Al, Si, S, Cl, Cl+ Only
include
for #1

1. Arrange the above in order of increasing size

2. Arrange the above in order of increasing I.E.

3. Which would you predict to have a positive E.A?

4. Which would you expect to release the most

energy when an electron is added to it?