Inductance and Capacitance

Susmitha royvatturi
 Inductance and
Capacitance
• Inductor
• Relationship between voltage,
current, power and energy
• Capacitor
• Relationship between voltage,
current, power and energy
• Series-parallel combinations for
inductance and capacitance
Inductor
 Inductor c o n c e p t
• An inductor consist of a coil of conducting
wire.
• Inductance, L is the property whereby an
inductor exhibits opposition to the change
of current flowing through it, measured in
henrys (H).
 Inductance
• Inductance, L
N A
2
L

L = inductance in henrys (H).

N = number of turns
µ = core permeability
A = cross-sectional area (m2)
ℓ = length (m)
 Relationship b e t w e e n v o l t a g e ,
current, p o w e r a n d e n e r g y

i(t) L
Inductor
symbol
 v(t) 

Inductor di(t)
Voltage v(t)  L
dt
Inductor 1 t
current i(t)   v( ) d  i(t0 )
L t0
di
p  vi  Li
dt
 
 v   v dt  it 0 
1 t
 L t0

Power
 w(t)  w(t0 )  t p( ) d
t

1 2 1 2
 Li (t)  Li (t0 )
2 2

• Assuming that energy is zero at time

t=t0, then inductor energy is:

w(t)  2 Li (t)
1 2
C A P A C IT O R
Capacitor physical
concept:
• A capacitor consists of two
conducting plates separated by an
insulator (or dielectric).
• Capacitance, C is the ratio of the
charge on one plate of a capacitor to
the voltage difference between the
two plates, measured in farads (F).
• The amount of charge stored,
represented by q, is directly proportional
to the applied voltage v,

q  Cv
q = cas dalam coulomb(C)
C = kapasitans dalam farad (F)
v = voltan dalam volt (V)
• Capacitance, C:
eA
C
d
C = Capacitance in farads (F)
e = permittivity of dielectric material
between the plates (C2/N∙m2)
A = surface area of each plates (m2)
d = distance between the plates(m)
R e l a t i on s hi p be t wee n
voltage,current,power
andenergy
• Capacitor symbol

i(t) C

 v(t) 
Capacitor dv(t)
i(t)  C
current dt

1 t
v(t)   i( )d  v(t0 )
C t0

Capacitor voltage
Power:

p(t)  v(t)  i(t)


 v(t)   C
dv(t) 

 dt 
• Energy stored in a capacitor from time t to t0:


t
w(t)  w(t0 )  p( )d
t0

dv( )
  v( )C
t
d
t0 d
v( )dv( )
v(t )
 C
v(t 0 )
v(t )
1
 Cv( ) 2
2 v(t 0 )

1 1
 C v(t)  C v(t0 ) 2
2
2 2
• Capacitor is not discharge at t=-∞,
therefore the voltage is zero.

1
w(t)  C v(t) 2
2
Energy capacitor
 Series a n d parallel
capacitors
• The equivalent capacitance, Ceqof N
parallel-connected capacitors is the sum
of the individual capacitances.

 i1 i2 iN
v C1 C2 CN

 • Using KCL,

I n  Cn
dv I  I1  I 2  .........  I N
dt
dv dv dv
I C C  ...........  C N
1 2
dt dt dt
 C1  C2  ....... C N 
dv
dt
 N  dv dv
   Cn   Ceq
 n 1  dt dt
 • Equivalent circuit for the parallel
capacitor,


N
Ceq   Cn is v C eq
n1


• The equivalent capacitance, Ceq of N
series-connected capacitors is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals
of the individual capacitances.
i C1 C2

 V1   V2 

Vs 
VN CN


 • Using KCL,

Vn 
1


t
i ( ) d V  V1  V2  ...........  VN
Cn

 1 1 1  t
V   ........    i( )d

 1
C C 2 C N 
N
1 t
  i( )d

n1 Cn

1 t

Ceq 

i( )d
 • Equivalent circuit for the series
capacitor,
i
N


1 1
Ceq n 1 Cn Vs 
C eq

 Series a n d parallel
inductors
• The equivalent inductance, Leq of N
series-connected inductors is the sum of
the individual inductances.
i L1 L2

 V1   V2 

Vs 
VN LN


 • Using KVL,

Vn  Ln
di V  V1  V2  .........  VN
dt
di di di
V  V1  L2  ........... LN
dt dt dt
 L1  L2  ....... LN 
di
dt
 N
 di di
   Ln   Leq
 n1  dt dt
 • Equivalent circuit for the series
inductor,
i

N
Leq   Ln Vs 
Leq
n1 
• The equivalent inductance, Leq of N
parallel-connected inductors is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals
of the individual capacitances.

 i1 i2 iN

is
V L1 L2 LN


 • Using KVL,

I  I1  I 2  ...........  I N
 1 1 1  t
I   ........    v( )d

 1L L 2 LN 
1 t


N
1 t
 v(  )d 
In 
Ln

v ( ) d

n1 Ln

1

t
 v( )d
Leq 
 • Equivalent circuit for the parallel
inductor,

1 N
1 
 i Leq
Leq n 1 Ln s V

Capacitance :
• When voltage across a capacitor is
increased or decreased, the capacitor
"resists" the change
• The current alters the chargeonacapacitor
• Capacitor is directly proportional to the
rate of change of the voltage across those
plates
• As the supply voltage increases and
decreases, the capacitor charges and
discharges
S.C & O.C
CHARACTERISTICS :
• At DC (zero frequency) an inductor
behaves like a short circuit and a
capacitor behaves like an open circuit
• capacitor function as an open circuit at
low frequencies, while at high frequencies
it acts as a short circuit?
Thank you …..