PHARMACOLOGY

VITAMINs and MINERALs

ELLY MAYANGSARI
Vitamins
 Organic molecules needed in small quantities for normal
metabolism and other biochemical functions, such as growth or
repair of tissue
 Attach to enzymes or coenzymes and help them activate anabolic
(tissue-building) processes
 Natural sources from both plants and animals

 Vitamin K and vitamin B complex obtained by synthesis by

normal bacteria in the small intestine
 Vitamin D can be synthesized by the skin when exposed to
sunlight
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as color and antioxidant

D – we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes rickets, in milk, regulates Ca:P

ratios

E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing stroke, cancer, heart disease

K – contributes to blood clotting factor

 Present in both plant and animal foods

 Stored in liver and fatty tissues
 Excreted via feces
 Daily intake not required
 Can become toxic if excessive amounts are consumed
 FOOD
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES
-Milk is fortified -Carrotenosis
with it -Blindness - Loss of
-Vision
A -Liver appetite
-Stunted
-Nerves -Cantaloupe Growth -Blurred vision
-Sweet Potatoes -Impaired -Abdominal
-Growth pain
(Fat Soluble) -Yellow fruits and immune
vegetables system -Hair loss
-Joint pain
FOOD
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES

-Helps body -Most toxic of

-Milk is -Rickets (bowed all vitamins!
absorb calcium fortified with
D and phosphorus
-Helps
it
-Milk
legs)
-Bones become
too weak to
-Appetite loss
-Nausea &
vomiting
strengthen Products support body
(Fat Soluble) -Kidney
bones -(Sunlight!) weight damage
Vitamin D

Rickets can be caused by lack of sunlight,

but also from insufficient calcium. Vitamin
D linked to calcium absorption.
 FOOD
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES
-Fruits and -Brain
Veggies -Nerve hemorrhages
-Maintains -Vegetable deterioratio -Stroke
E cell
membranes
oils
-Fortified
grains and
n
-Can cause
-Headaches
-Muscle
anemia in weakness
(Fat Soluble) (antioxidant) cereals premature
-Nuts & seeds babies -Nausea

FOOD
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES
-Breakage of
red blood
cells which
-Helps -Dark green causes skin to
K blood
clot
leafy
vegetables -Hemorrhaging turn yellow-
(called
-Liver jaundice in
(Fat Soluble) infants-can
normally lead to brain
damage)
Vitamin K
 Fat soluble
 Three types: K1, K2, K3
 Dietary sources of K1
 Green leafy vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, spinach, kale), cheese, soybean
oils
 Vitamin K2 synthesized by intestinal flora
 Vitamin K3 synthesized by chemically

Function :
 Essential for synthesis of blood coagulation factors in the liver
 Vitamin K–dependent clotting factors
 II
 VII
 IX
 X
Indications :
 Dietary supplementation
 Treatment of deficiency states (rare)
 Antibiotic therapy
 Malabsorption
 Given prophylactically to newborn infants
 Reverses the effects of certain anticoagulants (warfarin)

Forms of Vitamin K :
Vitamin K1 (phytonadione, AquaMEPHYTON)
Water-Soluble Vitamins
  Vitamin B complex
Water-Soluble Vitamins  Thiamine (B1)
 Riboflavin (B2)
 Niacin (B3)
 Pantothenic acid (B5)
 B-complex group and vitamin C  Pyridoxine (B6)
 Can be dissolved in water  Folic acid (B9)
 Cyanocobalamin (B12)
 Easily excreted in the urine
 Vitamin C
 Ascorbic acid

 Cannot be stored by the body in large amounts

 Daily intake required to prevent deficiencies
 Toxic reactions are very rare
 Act as coenzymes or oxidation-reduction agents
 FOOD
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES

-Maintains
-Scurvy
C connective
tissues -Citrus fruits
-Orange juice
(spots on the
skin and
bleeding
-Kidney
stones
-Interferes
-Protects
Ascorbic Acid gums) with actions
body -Strawberries of Vitamin E
(Water Soluble) against -Breakdown
infection of collagen

FOOD
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES
-COENZYME! -Milk
-Beriberi
B1 -Used for
energy
metabolism
-Bran
(Swelling in
-Whole grains legs, sore
-None
Thiamine -Nerve function -Poultry muscles,
stiffness and
(Water Soluble) -Helps -Fish weakness)
digestive -Dried Beans
system
 FOOD
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES

-COENZYME! -Premature
-Milk aging

B2 -Promotes
growth
-Yogurt
-Cheese
-Cracks in the
corner of
mouth
-None
Riboflavin -Used for -Green leafy
energy -Inflammation
(Water Soluble) vegetables of tongue and
metabolism mouth

FOOD
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES

-COENZYME! -Milk
-Eggs
B3 -Maintains
nervous
system
-Meat, fish,
poultry
-Pellagra
(Skin disorder)
-Diarrhea
-Heartburn
Niacin -Nausea
-Used for -Whole grains -Dermatitis
energy -Ulcers
(Water Soluble) metabolism -Enriched
grains
 FOOD
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES
-Can lead to

B9 -Makes new
-Leafy green
vegetables
neural tube
defects like
spina bifida
in infants -Masks B12
folate -Legumes deficiency
cells
-Seeds -Anemia
(Water Soluble) -Heartburn
-Diarrhea
FOOD
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES

B6 -Helps make -Green leafy

red blood cells vegetables
-Anemia
-Abnormal
-Depression
-Fatigue
Pyriodoxine
-Good for -Animal brain wave
overall health protein pattern -Impaired
memory
(Water Soluble) -Irritability
 FOOD
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES

B12 -Helps make

new cells
-Whole grains
-Insomnia
-Anemia -Water
Cobalamin -Maintains -Animal foods retention
-Fatigue
(Water Soluble) nerves and -Poor nerve
cells funcion
 Others....
Water Soluble Vitamin

Choline
 A major component of cell membranes
 Folacin = Folate = Folic acid
 Deficiency causes neural tube defects –
SPINA BIFIDA

 The spinal cord begins to develop within the

first 28 days of pregnancy. Since folate
makes new cells, it is vital that the mother’s
body already has a supply of folate in her
system to prevent this tragic condition.
Minerals
Minerals
 Inorganic elements or salts
 Help to regulate many bodily functions
 Macrominerals, microminerals, or trace elements

 Percent of Body weight

 Calcium 2%
 Phosphorus 1%
 Potassium 0.3%
 Sulfur 0.2%
 Sodium 0.1%
 Chloride 0.1%
 Magnesium 0.05%
 Iron 0.04%
 FOOD
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES

-Milk
-Maintains -Milk & dairy
Calcium strength of
bones and
products -
Osteoporosis
-Kidney stones
-Dark green
teeth leafy
vegetables
(Macro)

FOOD
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES

Phosphorus -Helps build

body cells -Dairy products -Can prevent
-Grain -Osteoporosis calcium from
-Works with working
(Macro) calcium products
-Meat
 FOOD
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES
-Helps build
bones -Dark green -Diarrhea
Magnesium leafy
-Helps nerves vegetables -Heart disease -Lack of
and muscles Coordination
work normally -Whole grain -Heart spasms
products -Confusion
(Macro) -Regulates
body -Coma
temperature
FOOD
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES

-Helps carry -Anemia

Iron oxygen to the -Red meat
blood -Dark green -Paleness -Heart disease
leafy -Weakness -Elevated LDLs
-Helps cells
use oxygen vegetables
(Trace)
 FOOD
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES
-Helps body
make proteins -Meat
-Stunted
Zinc -Heal wounds
-Affects sense
-Liver
-Fish
growth
-Rash
-Low copper
absorption
of taste and -Dairy
smell -Hair Loss
products
(Trace)
 FOOD
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES

Sodium -Maintains -Salt -Muscle -High blood

fluid balance -Packaged cramps pressure
in the body foods
(Electrolyte)

FOOD
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES

Chloride -Maintains -Can cause

fluid balance -Salt convulsions in -High blood
infants pressure
in the body
(Electrolyte)
 FOOD
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCIES TOXICITIES
SOURCES
-Fruits,
especially
bananas and -Irregular
Potassium oranges heart beat
-Maintains -Slowing of the
fluid balance -Meat, poultry -Loss of
and fish appetite heart beat
in the body
(Electrolyte) -Dry beans -Muscle
cramps
-Dairy
products
... TERIMA KASIH ...