NDT 2018

NDT 2018
PRELIM PART 1
PRELIM PART 1
PART 1
Is the use of physical methods which will test
materials, components and assemblies for flaws in their
structure without damaging their future usefulness.

Is concerned with revealing flaws in the structures of a

product.

Used to investigate specifically the material integrity of

the test object.
-The application of a testing medium to the product to
be tested.

-The changes in the testing medium due to the

defects in the structure of the product.

-A means by which it defects these changes.

-Interpretation of these changes to obtain information

about the flaws in the structure of the product.
-Raw materials which are used in the construction
of the product.
-Fabrication processes which are used to -
manufacture the product.
-Finished product before it is put into service.
-It increase the safety and reliability of the product
during operation.
-It decreases the cost of the product by reducing
scarp and conserving materials, labour and energy.
-It enhances the reputation of the manufacturer as
producer of quality goods.
 NDT is also used widely for routine or periodic
determination of quality of the plant and structures
during services. This not only increases the safety of
operation but also eliminates any forced shut down of
the plants.
The methods of NDT range from the simple to the
complicated.
-Visual Inspection is the simplest of all. Surface
imperfections invisible to the eye may be revealed by
penetrant or magnetic methods. It really serious
surface defects are found, there is often little point in
proceeding to more complicated examinations of the
interior by ultrasonic or radiography.
 To the group of NDT methods may belong which
are commonly used include visual or optical inspection,
dye penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy
current testing, radiographic testing and ultrasonic
testing.
-VISUAL TESTING
-Visual testing requires
adequate illumination of
the test surface and
proper eye-sight of the
tester.
-one of the most
common and most
powerful means of non-
destructive testing.
-Visual testing requires adequate illumination of the
test surface and proper eye-sight of the tester.

-It is also a fact that all defects found by other NDT

methods ultimately must be substantiated by visual
inspection.
-Checking of the surface condition of the test
specimen.

-Checking of alignment of mating surfaces.

-Checking of shape of the component.

-Checking for evidence of leaking.

-Checking for internal side defects.

-A method which can
be employed for the
detection of open-to-
surface discontinuities
in any industrial
product which is made
from a non-porous
material.
-Relatively low cost.

-Highly portable NDT method.

-Highly sensitive to fine, tight discontinuities.

-Fairly simple method.

-Can be used on a variety of materials.

-All surface discontinuities are detected in one operation,

regardless of orientation.
-Is used for the testing of -Magnetic particle
materials which can be inspection may be applied
easily magnetized. to detect surface defects
in ferromagnetic materials.
-This method is capable of
detecting open to surface
and just below the surface
flaws.
-In this method the test specimen is first magnetized
either by using a permanent or an electromagnetic or
by passing electric current through or around the
specimen.

-The magnetic field thus introduced into the

specimen is composed of “magnetic lines of force”.
-The test object is magnetized.
-Magnetic powder is applied to the surface during
magnetization.

-The powder will accumulate where a surface flaw

causes a leakage in the magnetic field.
-Yoke Magnetization
-Circular Magnetization THE SAME
-Radial Magnetization USE OF
TECHNIQUES
-Central Conductor Magnetization
-Prod Magnetization
-Longitudinal Magnetization
-Current Indication Magnetization
-Yoke magnetization is one
of the basic used type of
magnetic particle testing.

- These are U-shaped

cores of soft iron, usually
laminated, with a coil wound
around the base of the U.
-AC Electromagnetic Yoke

-DC Electromagnetic Yoke

 low cost, portable instruments which provide fast
and accurate defect and crack detection in ferrous
metals. The electromagnetic yokes are rugged and
induce a powerful AC magnetic field.
 DC type of electormagnetic yoke is also the
same in AC type of MPT, but the difference is,
DC electromagnetic yoke is done by using a
conductor to be plug on AC type magnetic
yoke to become DC electromagnetic yoke.
-Is used for the detection of
radial discontinuities around
edges of holes or openings
in parts.

-It is also used for the

detection of longitudinal
discontinuities, which lie in
the same direction as the
current flow, either in a part
or in a part that a central
conductor passes through.
 Circular magnetic field is generated in a part
whenever an electric current is passed through it
or through an electrical conductor that passes
through the part.

The circular field around the inside of the part will be

wholly contained within the part in the case of a concentric
cylinder.

No magnetic poles will be produced on the part.

Poles will be produced if the part is not a
concentric cylinder, is irregularly shaped, or the
path of the current flow is not located on the part's
geometric axis.
-Another way of indirectly
inducting a magnetic field
in a material is by using
the magnetic field of a
current carrying
conductor. A circular
magnetic field can be
established in cylindrical
components by using
a central conductor.
-Is a variation on the current flow
method where large components
are magnetized locally by means
of contact electrodes.

-Two hand-held electrodes which

are pressed against the surface of
a part to make contact for
passing magnetizing current
through the metal. The current
passing between the two contacts
creates a field suitable for finding
defects with magnetic particles.
-Longitudinal
magnetization of a
component can be
accomplished using the
longitudinal field set up by
a coil or solenoid.

-It can also be

accomplished using
permanent magnets or
electromagnets.
-This could be done by the
use of electric current that
are able to by pass in the
test specimen.

-Current Indication has a

two types of current which
are applicable in magnetic
particle testing, the AC
type and DC type of
current.
-Coil Shot type

-Electromagnetic Yoke type

-prod type

-Head Shot type

-Cable Wrap type

-A best form of an
example of a longitudinal
magnetization technique.

-A magnetic field wherein

the lines of force traverse
the part in a direction
essentially
parallel with its major axis.
-This type of magnetic particle testing is the
most reliable, easier, and it is easy to carry
outside the hangar inspections.
-are typically made from copper and have an insulated
handle to help protect the operator.

-One of the prods has a trigger switch so that the

current can be quickly and easily turned on and off.

Sometimes the two prods are connected by any

insulator to facilitate one hand operation. This is
referred to as a dual prod and is commonly used for
weld inspections.
-The current is passed
directly into the jobs, the
resultant field is circular in
nature.

-The value of current is

dependent on the outside
diameter of the job.

-The value of current is the

same as for central
conductor or threading bar.
- It is the same for
conducting a longitudinal
magnetization technique or
coil shot type of
magnetization but, cable
wrap is the additional or
excess cables that need to
wrap on the surface area if
the specimen is large as a
shaft of an aircraft, pipes or
crankshafts.
 Using the advance and basic type of
magnetic particle testing, demagnetization is
always required before and after conducting
an NDT test.
-Pie Field Indicator
(Pie Gauge)

-Gauss Meter
-is a tool for quickly verifying the
direction of magnetic flux on a
surface.

-It is made from eight ferrous

segments, braised into a single
piece, providing a star pattern of
nonferrous discontinuities.

-Typically used with dry powders

for yoke inspection, the Pie Gauge
can be held at any angle and will
generate indications perpendicular
to the direction of the magnetic
flux.
-This range of field
indicators is to help you
check and measure
magnetic field strength and
direction during the
magnetic particle
inspection process.
- is one of several NDT
methods that use the
principal of
electromagnetism as the
basis for conducting
examinations.
 Eddy Current inspection is widely used in industry for the
inspection of metals. The
eddy current methods are sensitive to the following
properties of metals:

-Electrical Conductivity
-Magnetic Permeability
-Geometry

The capability of the technique in individual applications

depends on the following:

-The frequency of AC used

-The sensor design
-Distance of sensor from surface (Lift Off)
-Detection of very small cracks in or near the surface
of the test part.
-Physically complex geometries can be investigated.
-Electrical conductivity measurement.
-Coating thickness measurement.
-Provides immediate feedback.
-Portable.
-No couplant is required.
-are created through a process called electromagnetic
induction. When alternating current is applied to the
conductor, such as copper wire, a magnetic field
develops in and around the conductor.

-This magnetic field expands as the alternating current

rises to maximum and collapses as the current is
reduced to zero.

-If another electrical conductor is brought into the

close proximity to this changing magnetic field, current
will be induced in this second conductor.

-Eddy currents are induced electrical currents that flow

in a circular path. They get their name from “eddies”that
are formed when a liquid or gas flows in a circular path
around obstacles when conditions are right.
 -Are another category of instrumentation and they
present the inspection data.

3 Characteristics of electromagnetism
-Resistance

-Inductive Reactance

-Impedance
- is the opposition that a
substance offers to the flow of
electric current.

-It is represented by the

uppercase letter R. The
standard unit of resistance is
the ohm, sometimes written
out as a word, and sometimes
symbolized by the uppercase
Greek letter omega:
-Inductive Reactance of a
coil depends on the
frequency of the applied
voltage as reactance is
directly proportional to
frequency.
-Is an expression of the
opposition that an electronic
component, circuit, or
system offers to alternating
and/or direct
electric current.

-Impedance is a vector
(two-dimensional)quantity
consisting of two
independent scalar (one-
dimensional)
phenomena: resistance and
reactance.
RESISTANCE + INDUCTIVE
REACTANCE = IMPEDANCE
-Can be applied to most
materials depending on
material type and thickness.

-All materials absorb

radiation, some more than
others.

-Steel absorbs more than

aluminum, copper more than
steel, tungsten more than
copper.
 Radiographic inspection is useful for checking the
inside of an aircraft structure, as it does not require
major disassembly. It is not recommended as an
exploratory type of inspection, but is most appropriate
for examining an area for a type of damage with known
characteristics.
-X-Ray
-Gamma Ray
 X-rays are a form of high-energy, short-wavelength,
electromagnetic radiation.

An electron is emitted from the cathode in an X-ray

tube and accelerated to a high speed. When this electron
strikes a target containing many electrons, it collides and
some of its energy is converted into X-rays.

Because X-rays have such high frequency they are able

to pass through many materials that are opaque to visible
light. As they pass through, they are absorbed in an amount
proportional to the density of the material.
 After passing through a material, the X-rays still have
enough energy to expose a piece of photographic film.

The amount of current used to drive the electrons from

the cathode determines the intensity of the X-ray beam
and its ability to expose the film.

The voltage supplied to the anode of the X-ray tube

determines the amount of energy the beam contains. The
higher the voltage, the more energy, and the deeper the X-
rays will penetrate the material being inspected.
 Low-powered X-rays are called soft X-rays, and
those that are produced by high voltage are called hard
X-rays.

Soft X-rays are used to inspect for corrosion.

 Gamma rays are composed of high-energy photons
emitted by the nucleus of certain chemical isotopes
such as those of Cobalt, Cesium, Iridium, and Thulium
that are in the process of disintegration.

Unlike X-rays, gamma rays cannot be shut off or

controlled; therefore the source of these rays must be
kept in a radiation-proof container shielded with lead.
 When gamma rays are needed for an inspection,
the equipment is set up and the active isotopes are
exposed.
-This method of a weld
testing makes of x-rays,
produced by an x-ray tube,
or gamma rays, produced by
a radioactive isotope.

-The basic principle of

radiographic inspection of
weld is the same as that for
medical radiography.
-A non-destructive method
in which high frequency
sound waves are introduced
into the material being
inspected.

-Most ultrasonic inspection

is done at frequencies
between 0.5 and 20 MHz,
well above the range of
human hearing which is
about 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
-The measurement of
sound waves from crest to
crest determines its
wavelength.

-The sound wavelength is

inversely proportional to
its frequency.
 Ultrasonic testing is based on the capture and
quantification of either the reflected waves (Pulse-
Echo) or the transmitted waves (Through-
Transmission).

Each of the two types is used in certain

applications, but generally, pulse echo systems are
more useful since they require one-sided access to
the object being inspected.
-A transducer sends out a
pulse of energy and the
same or a second
transducer listens for
reflected energy.

-Reflections occur due to

the presence of
discontinuities and the
surfaces of the test
article.
-Two transducers located on
opposing sides of the test
specimen are used. One
transducer acts a
transmitter, the other as a
receiver.

-Discontinuities in the sound

path will result in a partial or
total loss of sound being
transmitted and be indicated
by a decrease in the
received signal amplitude.
END