Signal Transmission At Synaps &

Neurotransmitter
M. Haqqul Syifa’ M H
 Synaps
• Presynaps neuron : nerve cell that carries a
nerve impulse toward a synape
• Postsynaptic cell : cell that receives a signal
• Postsynaptic neuron : nerve cell that carries a
nerve impulse away from a synapse or an effector
cell that respond to the inpils at the synapse
 Synapes
• Axodendritic : from axon to dendrite (most)
• Axosoamtic : from axon to cell body
• Axoaxonic : from axon to axon
 Synapes
Structurally and Functionally:
• Electrical Synapes
• Chemical synapes
 Electrical Synape
• Action potential (impuls) conduct direcly between the
plasma membrane of adjacent neuron throught
structure called gap junction
• Each gap junction contain hundred tubular connexons
• Ion flow trought connexons to other cell, spread action
potential
• Gap junction common in visceral smooth mucle,
cardiac muscle and develop embryo. Occur in the
brain
 Electrical Synapes
Advantage:
• Faster communication
– Action potential conduct directly through gap
junction. Pass directly from the pre to post
• Snychronization
– Cocordinate the activity of group of neuron or
mucle fibers. Produce action potential in unison
 Chemical Synapse
• Presynaptic and postsynaptic in Chemical Synape
separated by synaptic cleft (20-50nm), filled ICF
• Presynaptic release neurotransmitter that diffuse
through synape cleft and bind receptor in plama
membrane postsynaptic neuron
• After postsynapse rechive chemical signal,
produce posynaptic potential
 Chemical Synape

Electrical Post Electric

Presynape Chemical signal
signal synape signal

Cleft

Synape delay about

0,5 msec
 Chemical Synape
• Most chemical synape only one-way
information transfer
• Only synaptic en bulb od presynaptic neuron
can release neurotransmitter
• Only postsynaptic neuron membrane has the
receptor protein that can recognaize and bind
that neurotransmitter
Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic
Potential
• Neurotransmitter cause excitatory and inhibitory
• Transmitter cause depolarization post synape
membran is excitatory, bring cloce to treshold
• Depolarozing postsynaptic potential called an
excitatory possynaptic potential (EPSP)
• Single EPSP normally doesnt initiate a nerve
impuls, postsynaptic cell become more excitable
Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic
Potential
• Neurotransmitter that cause hyperpolarization
postsynape membrane is inhibitory
• Generation of action potential more diffcult than
ususal cause inside membrane potential more
negative (farther from threshold)
• A hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential is
termed an inhibitory postsynaptic potential
(IPSP).
 Structure Neurotransmitter Receptor
• Each neurotransmitter receptor has one or
more neurotransmitter binding site
• Classified as ionotropic receptor or
metabotropic receptor (based on whether the
neurotransmitter binding site and the ion
channel are components of the same protein
or are components of different proteins)
 Ionotropic Receptor
• type of neurotransmitter receptor that
contains a neurotransmitter binding site and
an ion channel.
• Ligand-gated channel, no ligand no ion
 EPSP Inotropic Recpetors
• Many excitatory neurotransmitters bind to receptors
that contain cation channels
• EPSPs result from opening these cation channels
• When cation channels open, they allow passage Na+,
K+, and Ca2+ through the postsynaptic cell membrane
• Na+ inflow > Ca2+ inflow or K+ outflow
• the inside of the postsynaptic cell becomes less
negative (depolarized).
 IPSP Inotropic Receptor
• Many inhibitory neurotransmitters bind to
ionotropic receptors that contain chloride
channels
• IPSPs result from opening these Cl– channels.
• The inward flow of Cl– ions causes the inside
of the postsynaptic cell to become more
negative (hyperpolarized).
 Metabotropic Receptor
• type of neurotransmitter receptor that contains a
neurotransmitter binding site but lacks an ion channel
as part of its structure
• Separate ion channel by G protein
• the G protein either directly opens (or closes) the ion
channel or it may act indirectly by activating another
molecule, a “second messenger,” in the cytosol, which
in turn opens (or closes) the ion channel
 Metabotropic Receptor

Thus, a metabotropic receptor differs from an

ionotropic receptor in that the neurotransmitter
binding site and the ion channel are
components of different proteins.
 Metabotropic Receptors
• Some inhibitory neurotransmitters bind to
metabotropic receptors that are linked to K+
channels
• IPSPs result from the opening of these K+
channels.
• The outward flow of K+ ions causes the inside of
the postsynaptic cell to become more negative
(hyperpolarized).
 Different Postsynaptic Effect for the Same
Neurotransmitter
• The same neurotransmitter can be excitatory
at some synapses and inhibitory at other
synapses, depending on the structure of the
neurotransmitter receptor to which it binds
 Different Postsynaptic Effect for the Same
Neurotransmitter
• For example, at some excitatory synapses acetylcholine
(ACh) binds to ionotropic receptors that contain cation
channels that open and subsequently generate EPSPs
in the postsynaptic cell
• By contrast, at some inhibitory synapses ACh binds to
metabotropic receptors coupled to G proteins that
open K+ channels, resulting in the formation of IPSPs in
the postsynaptic cell
 Removal Of Neurotransmitter
• Essensial for normal synaptic function
• Ways:
– Diffusion
– Enzymatic degradation
– Uptake by cells
 Diffusion
• Neurotransmitter diffuse away from synaptic
cleft
• Nurotransmitter out of reach of reseptor
 Enzymatic Degeneration
• Certain neurotransmitters are inactivated
through enzymatic degradation.
• Ex: the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks
down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.
 Uptake by Cells
• Many neurotransmitters are actively reuptake.
• Others are transported into neighboring
neuroglia (uptake).
• Ex: Norepinephrine
• The membrane proteins that accomplish such
uptake are called neurotransmitter transporters.
Spatial and Temporal Summation of Postsynaptic
Potential
• Integration of inputs involves summation of the
postsynaptic potentials that form in the postsynaptic
neuron
• Spatial summationis summation of postsynaptic potentials
in response to stimuli that occur at different locations in
the membrane of a postsynaptic cell at the same time
• Temporal summation is summation of postsynaptic
potentials in response to stimuli that occur at the same
location in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell but at
different times.
 Spatial and Temporal Summation of Postsynaptic
Potential
Respond:
• EPSP
• Nerve impuls
• IPSP
NEUROTRANSMITTER
 Neurotransmitter
• About 100 substances are either known or
suspected neurotransmitters.
• Many neurotransmitters are also hormones
released into the bloodstream by endocrine
cells in organs throughout the body
• Within the brain, certain neurons, called
neurosecretory cells, also secrete hormones
 Neurotransmitter
Classes based on size
• Small molecule neurotransmitter
– Acetylcholine
– Amino acids
– Biogenic amines
– ATP and Other Purines
– Nitric Oxide
– Carbon Monoxide
• Neuropeptide
 Acetylcholine
• ACh is an excitatory neurotransmitter at
some synape, Ex: Neuromucsular junction
• Also inhibitory neurotransmitter at other
synapses, Ex: slows heart rate at inhibitory synapses
made by parasympathetic neurons of the vagus (X) nerve
• Acetylcholinase splitting Ach into acetate &
choline fragmnt
 Amino Acid
• Glutamate & aspartate have powrful excitatory
• Glutamate most neurotransmitter in CNS & half
in brain
• Glutamate open cation channel produce EPSP
• Glutamate transporter uptake & reuptake
 Amino Acid
• Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) & glycine are
important neurotransmitter
• GABA (most common inhibitory) only in CNS (1/3 brn)
• GABA open Cl- Channel via ionotropic
• Diazepam echance the action of GABA
• Glycine open Cl- Channel via ionotropic
 Biogenic Amine
• Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine &
serotonin
• Most bind metabotropic receptor (many type)
• Cause excitation or inhibition depend type of
metabotropic
 Biogenic Amine
• Norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine are
classified as catecholamines
• Catecholamines are synthesized from the amino acid
tyrosine
• Catecholamine inactive via reuptake, recycle into
vesicel or destroyed by enzym
• Enzyme
– catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
– monoamine oxidase (MAO)
 Biogenic Amine
• NE play role in arousal (awakening from deep
sleep), dreaming, & regulate mood
• Neuron Epinephrine tidak terlalu banyak diotak
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine also serve as
hormones
• Release by adrenal medulla
 Biogenic Amine
• Dopamine active during emotional respons
addictive behaviors & pleasureable expririence
• Dopamine-releasing neurons regulate skeletal
muscle tone and aspects of movement
• Parkinson disease due to Dopamine-releasing
neurons
• One form of schizophrenia is due to accumulation
of excess dopamine
 Biogenic Amine
• Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine[5-HT])
concentrated in raphe nucleus
• It is thought to be involved in sensory
perception, temperature regulation, control of
mood, appetite, and the induction of sleep
 ATP and Other Purine
• Ring structure of the adenosine portion of ATP is
called a purine ring
• Adenosine (ATP,ADP,AMP) is an excitatory
neurotransmitter in both the CNS and the PNS
• In PNS, ATP and norepinephrine are released
together from some sympathetic neurons; Some
parasympathetic neurons release ATP and
acetylcholine in the same vesicles.
 Nitric Oxide
• NO is an important excitatory neurotransmitter
• The enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS)catalyze NO from
the amino acid arginine
• NO formed on demand and acts immediately
• NO diffuse into neighboring cell, actives cyclic GMP
• NO plays role in memory and learning
• NO in endhotelial cell cause vasodilation
• NO in phagotic cell kill microbe and tumor cell
 Carbon Monoxide
• CO is an excitatory neurotransmitter
• CO is formed as needed and diffuses out of cells
that produce it into adjacent cells
• CO might protect against excess neuronal activity
and might be relatedto dilation of blood vessels,
memory, olfaction, vision, thermoregulation,
insulin release, and anti-inflammatory activity.
 Neuropeptide
• amino acids linked by peptide bonds called
neuropeptides
• Neuropeptides have excitatory or inhibitory
actions(depend type of metabotropic)
• many neuropeptides serve as hormones that
regulate physiological responses elsewhere in
the body
 Neuropeptide
Reseptor opiate:
• Enkephalins (potent analgesic, >morphine)
• Opioid peptides (natural painkiller)
– Endorphine
– Dynorphins
These neuropeptides improved memory and learning; feelings of pleasure
or euphoria; control of body temperature; regulation of hormones that
affect the onset of puberty, sexual drive, and reproduction; and mental
illnesses such as depression and schizophrenia
 Neuropeptide
• Substance P released by neurons that transmit pain-related
input from peripheral pain receptors into the central
nervous system, enhancing the perception of pain.
• Enkephalin and endorphin suppress the release of
substance P, decreasing the number of nerve impulses
being relayed to the brain for pain sensations
• Substance P shown to counter the effects of certain nerve-
damaging chemicals, it might prove useful as a treatment
for nerve degeneration