Title

Research Design
• Research design is define as a frame
What
work ofis methods
researchanddesign?
techniques chosen
by a researcher to combine various
components of research in a reasonably
logical manner so that the research
problem is efficiently handled.
Design of a Research Topic

• Experimental
• Survey
• Correlational
• Semi-experimental
• Review
Main sections of Research Design

• Data collection
• Measurement
• Analysis
Essential elements of research
design
1. Accurate purpose statement of
research design
2. Techniques to be implemented for
collecting details for research
3. Method applied for analyzing collected
details
4. Type of research methodology
5. Probable objections for research
6. Setting for research study
7. Time line
8. Measurement of analysis
Research Design Characteristics

• Neutrality
• Reliability
• Validity
• Generalization
Neutrality
• The result projected in research should
be free from bias and neutral.
Understand opinions about the final
evaluated scores and conclusion from
multiple individuals and consider those
who agree with the derived results.
Reliability
• If a research is conducted on a regular
bias, the researcher involved expects
similar result to be calculated every
time. Research design should indicate
how the research questions can be
formed to ensure the standard of
obtained results and this can happen
only when the research design is
reliable.
Validity
• There are multiple measuring tools
available for research design but valid
measuring tools are those which help a
researcher in gauging results according
to the objective of research and
nothing else. The questionnaire
developed from this research design will
then valid.
Generalization
• The outcome of research design should
be applicable to a population and not
just a restricted sample. Generalization
is one of the key characteristics of
research design.
Qualitative Research Design
• Is implemented in cases where a
relationship between collected data and
observation is established on the basis
of mathematical calculations.
Researchers rely on qualitative research
design where they are expected to
conclude “why” a particular theory
exists along with “what” respondents
have to say about it.
Quantitative Research Design
• Is implemented in cases where it is
important for a researcher to have
statistical conclusions t collect
actionable insights.
Types of Research Design

1. Descriptive research design

2. Experimental research design
3. Correlational research design
4. Diagnostic research design
5. Explanatory research design
Descriptive research design
• It is a theory-based research design
which is created by gather, analyze and
presents collected data.
Experimental research design
• It is use to establish a relationship
between the cause and effect of a
situation. It is a casual research design
where the effect caused by the
independent variable is observed.
Correlational research design
• It is a non-experimental research design
technique which helps researchers to
establish a relationship between two
closely connected variables.
Diagnostic research design
• A researcher is inclined towards
evaluating the root cause of a specific
topic. There are three parts of
diagnostic design.
1.Inception of the issues
2.Diagnosis of issues
3.Solution of the issues
Explanatory research design
• The researcher’s ideas and thoughts are
key as it is primarily dependent on
their personal inclination about a
particular topic.
FORMULATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
 Hypothesis
• A hypothesis is the assumption of relationship betw
een the variables.
• It is a proposed explanation for an observable phen
omenon.
• In research, it is formal question that the researche
r intends to resolve.
• It is a predictive statement, capable of being tested
by scientific methods.
• It is a proposition which can be put to a test to det
ermine its validity.
Function of Hypothesis
 Sources of Formulation of
Hypothesis
• Hypotheses are formulated on the knowledge acquired throu
gh literature survey- conceptual and empirical.
1. Survey of literature
2. Popular beliefs and practices
3. Experience of researcher
4. Environmental in which research is to be carried
out.
5. Gaps in knowledge
6. Culture of researcher
Features of Criteria of Good
Hypothesis
VARIABLE: DEPENDENT AND
INDEPENDENT
 Variable

Any characteristic which is subject to change

and can have more than one value such as age,
intelligence, motivation, gender, etc.
 Dependent Variable
• It is the variable that will measure and record
– it’s data of the experiment.
• It is sometimes called the “responding” varia
ble because it is the variable that respond to
the independent variable.
• Criterion or outcome variable.
 Examples of Dependent
Variable
• Attitude
• Success in graduate school
• Homesickness of first year at college
• Success at controlling behavior
• Reduction of symptoms
• Achievement score
• Time in 100 meter dash
 Independent Variable
• It is the variable will vary to observe the effect.
• It is sometimes called “manipulated” variable be
cause it is the variable the scientist or research
er manipulated.
• The variable that presumed to influence other v
ariable
• Experimental treatment or predictor variables.
 Examples of Independent
Variable
• Teaching method
• Diet plan
• Medication
• Gender
• Age
• Treatment condition
• Achievement score
Other Names for Dependent
and Independent Variable
Dependent Variable Independent Variable

Explained Explanatory

Predictand Predictor

Regressand Regressor

Response Stimulus

Outcome Covariate

Controlled Control
Literature Review
 What is literature review?

• it is a scholarly, which includes the current kno

wledge including substantive findings. As well
as theoretical and methodological contributio
ns to a particular topic.
• Literature reviews are secondary sources, and
do not report new or original experimental wo
rk.
 Why review the literature?
• To help you understand a research topic
• To establish the importance of a topic
• To help develop your own ideas
• To make sure you are not simply replicating re
search that others have already successfully co
mpleted
• To demonstrate and show how your current is
situated within or builds on
 Approaches

• Argumentative review
• Integrative review
• Historical review
• Methodological review
• Systematic review
• Theoretical review
 Argumentative review

• This form examines literature selectively in ord

er to support or refute an argument, deeply i
mbedded assumption, or philosophical proble
m already establish literature.
 Integrative review

• A form of research that reviews, critiques, and

synthesizes representative literature on a topic
in an integrated way such that new framework
s and perspectives on the topic are generated.
 Historical review

• Historical reviews are focused on examining re

search throughout a period of time, concept, t
heory, then tracing its evolution within the sch
olarship of a discipline.
 Methodological review

• This approach provides a framework of unders

tanding at different levels (i.e. those of theory,
substantive fields, research approaches and da
ta collection and analysis techniques).
 Systematic review

• This form consist of an overview of existing evi

dence pertinent to a clearly formulated resear
ch questions, which uses pre-specified and sta
ndardized methods to identify and critically ap
praise relevant research.
 Theoretical review

• The purpose of this form is to concretely exam

ine the corpus of theory that has accumulated
in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenom
ena.
THANK YOU !