Indian Economy

Prof. Avinash Darbare

Hard Infrastructure - Transport Infrastructure
Soft Infrastructure - Governors Infrastructure
Team Members
 Ankita Chougule 21
 Apurva Chayal 22
 Apurva Deshpande 23
 Arif Shaikh 24
 Ashish Papadkar 25
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the fundamental facilities and systems
serving a country, city, or other area, including the services and
facilities necessary for its economy to function. Infrastructure
is composed of public and private physical improvements such
as roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, Water,
supply, sewers, electrical grids, and telecommunications
(including Internet connectivity and broadband speeds). In
general, it has also been defined as "the physical components of
interrelated systems providing commodities and services
essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living
conditions".
Types of Infrastructure
 Hard Infrastructure
 Soft Infrastructure
Hard Infrastructure
 Hard infrastructure is the
physical infrastructure of roads, bridges etc., as
opposed to the soft infrastructure of human
capital and the institutions that cultivate
infrastructure . It includes Transport
Infrastructure .
 Transportation infrastructure road and highway
networks including structures, e.g. bridges,
tunnels, etc. signage, street lighting, and traffic
lights.
Soft Infrastructure
 Soft infrastructure is all the services which are
required to maintain the economic, health, and cultural
and social standards of a population, as opposed to the
hard infrastructure is the physical infrastructure of
roads, bridges etc.
 Examples - It includes the healthcare system, financial
institutions, governmental systems, law enforcement, and
education systems.
Infrastructure & Economy
 Infrastructure may be owned and managed
by governments or by private companies, such as sole public
utility or railway companies. Generally, most roads, major
ports and airports, water distribution systems and sewage
networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and
telecommunications networks are privately owned. Publicly
owned infrastructure may be paid for from taxes, tolls, or
metered user fees, whereas private infrastructure is generally
paid for by metered user fees. Major investment projects are
generally financed by the issuance of long-term bonds.
 Hence, government owned and operated infrastructure may
be developed and operated in the private sector or in public
private partnerships, in addition to in the public sector. In the
United States, public spending on infrastructure has varied
between 2.3% and 3.6% of GDP since 1950. Many financial
institutions invest in infrastructure.
Conclusion
 Hence , we have studied about the
infrastructure in detail and explained
about every aspect.