PETROCHEMICAL & PETROLEUM

REFINING TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
PETROLEUM

 Petro (rock) and oleum (oil)

 Complex mixture of organic fluids called crude

oil and natural gas (NG)

Crude Oil + NG = Petroleum

 PETROLEUM
Organic fluids = Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen atoms that may

include from one to 60 carbon atoms

 Hydrocarbon-contain hydrogen and

carbon.

Small amount of nitrogen,

oxygen, sulfur and metal trace.

 The difference between crude oil

and natural gas is the size of the
hydrocarbon molecules.
 PETROLEUM
• Occurs naturally beneath
the earth's surface.
• Separated into fractions
including natural gas,
gasoline, naphtha, kerosene,
fuel and lubricating oils,
paraffin wax, and asphalt
• Used as raw material for a
wide variety of derivative
product
• (Refer: American Heritage
Dictionary)
PETROLEUM
 Onshore Drilling
Drilling Types

Offshore Drilling
 In the oil industry, "Upstream" refers to
petroleum exploration and development.
"Downstream" refers to pipeline, refining, and
chemicals.
 HISTORY
Ancient times…

ASPHALT/ PITCH/ BITUMEN was used in the construction of

the walls and towers of Babylon; there were Oil Pits near
Ardericca (near Babylon), and a Pitch spring on Zacynthus

Egyptians coated mummies

and sealed their pyramid.
Euphrates sealed boats.
 HISTORY
Ancient times…

• The Chinese also came across petroleum while digging

holes for brine (salt water) and used the petroleum for
heating.
• Greek Fire
- Viscous liquid that ignited when contact with water
- Volatile fraction of petroleum (naphtha)
 HISTORY
Ancient times…
• American Indians used petroleum for paint, fuel and medicine
• Desert nomads used it to treat camels
• Ancient Persians & Sumatrans also believed petroleum had medicinal
value
• 19th century, jars of petroleum sold as
miracle tonic

Samuel M. Kier
 HISTORY
HISTORY Ancient times…

 George Bissell, a lawyer thought that

petroleum might be converted into
kerosene & used as illuminants.
George Bissell
Confirmed the theory : Benjamin Silliman
Jr. (Chemistry & Geology Professor at Yale
University)

Benjamin Silliman
 HISTORY
Ancient times…
1854 Bissell and a friend formed the
Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company-
Unsuccessful

1858 Bissell & a group of businessmen formed

Seneca Oil Company ~ hired Edwin Drake
for drilling at Titusville

The US petroleum industry began with Edwin

Drake's drilling of a 69-foot (21 m) oil well in
1859

(First Oil Well Drilled )

Originally yielding 25 barrels per day
(4.0 m3/d), by the end of the year output
reduced to 15 barrels per day (2.4 m3/d)). Titusville, Pennsylvania
 HISTORY
1890s…
About 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil.

Henry Ford

Karl Benz
 HISTORY
• By 1910, significant oil fields had been
discovered in Canada
• 1908 The Persia (in Masjed Soleiman, Iran)
• 1885 The Dutch East Indies (in Sumatra)
• 1863 Peru
• Later - Venezuela and Mexico

26 May 1908, the first major oil

strike in the Middle East occurred
in Masjid-e Suleiman, Persia (Iran).

Mid-1950s coal was still the world's foremost fuel,

but after this time oil quickly took over.
 Top 3 oil producers :
Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States.
Venezuela VS Malaysia
 World
Ranking
Characteristics of Crude Oil

Light & Heavy crude oil describe based on

1. Density
2. Viscosity (resistance to flow)
3. Good Quality  LIGHT Vs HEAVY

Good Quality?
 Classification
of Oil

• Quality of crude oil

based on
MATURATION
• Younger crudes
LOWER QUALITY

• HIGHER QUALITY
LIGHTER COLOUR
(golden or amber)
 Colors of Crude Oil

NORTHEASTERN UTAH

NORTHWESTERN ILLINOIS PANHANDLE REGION TEXAS

Colors of Crude Oil

UPPER NILE, SUDAN

NORTH SEA, UNITED KINGDOM

EXERCISE
Good Quality?

PANHANDLE REGION TEXAS UPPER NILE, SUDAN

A B
A BARREL OF OIL 1 bbl = 42 US gallons
= 5.61 ft3
= 158.8 l
 FROM A BARREL OF OIL

Distillation
FROM A BARREL OF OIL
World’s Largest Refineries (2016)
Netherlands Antilles, Curacao, Shell oil refinery
one of world's largest refinery.