Organic Chemistry (4.

22)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Know that the alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons DO IT NOW

• Describe how the properties change going down the

group
• Recall the reactions of alkanes Write down three things you know
• Describe the reactions of alkanes with halogens in the about alkanes
presence of ultraviolet radiation, limited to mono-
substitution
KEYWORDS
Saturated
Homologous series
Blue or
Fuel
Which of the five HPL brains are you going to
Underline black pen solvent
use today? We our books
Before the lesson after the lesson
ALKANES

CnH2n+2
ALKANES: Properties
▶ Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbon compounds with the general
formula CnH2n+2
▶ They are saturated hydrocarbons. Having single bond between the
Carbon atoms.
▶ They are less dense than water (float on the water)
▶ They are insoluble in water, but soluble in some organic solvents like
benzene.
▶ They are not very reactive.
▶ The boiling point gradually increases down the group with the
increase in the number of Carbon atoms. B.P increases by 20⁰ to 30⁰
with each additional methyl group (CH3)
▶ They burn exothermically making them good fuel.
Boiling points and molecular size
Alkane molecules are held together by intermolecular forces. The stronger these forces,
the higher the alkane’s boiling point.
The boiling points of alkanes increase steadily as the carbon chain
grows longer.

Larger molecules produce stronger intermolecular forces than smaller

molecules and therefore have higher boiling points.

short carbon chain, weak long carbon chain,

intermolecular forces, low boiling strong intermolecular forces, high
point boiling point
ALKANES: Reactions
Combustion

Alkanes burn in the presence of (sufficient)oxygen

producing carbon dioxide and water
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Alkanes burn in the presence of insufficient

oxygen producing carbon monoxide and
water
 Incomplete combustion

▶ When there is
insufficient oxygen,
carbon monoxide is
also formed

It reduces the blood’s oxygen carrying

capability

CO detectors can help to

prevent CO poisoning
A blue gas stove flame indicates complete combustion.

Red or yellow gas flames may be the sign of incomplete

combustion.

The amount of oxygen available with the gas determines

the rate of combustion, flame colour and temperature.

Blue is much hotter than the yellow flame. So yellow

flame is sometimes used in the labs for safety purpose
and is called ‘safety flame.’
 Activity

▶ Complete the equations below assuming an adequate supply of oxygen

for complete combustion. (These are quite tricky!)

1.
1. 2C22H66 + 7O
7O2 2  4CO2 + 6H2O

2.
2. C33H88 ++ 5O
5O22 
 3CO2 + 4H2O

3. 2C
3. 4H
2C 1010 + + 13O
4H 13O22 
 8CO2 + 10H2O
Reactions of Alkanes

Mono-substitution

Reaction condition:
UV light/ sunlight
(photochemical
reaction)
Reactions of Alkanes: Substitution Reaction- Chain reactions

Mono-substitution- Reaction condition: UV light/ sunlight

replaces one at a time (photochemical reaction)
Uses of Substituted alkanes
Good organic solvents:

1,1,1-trichloroethane is used
in dry cleaning
Plenary

Draw a mind map of alkanes in

your copy books.
 Organic Chemistry (4.22)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Know that the alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons DO IT NOW

• Describe how the properties change going down the

group
• Recall the uses and reactions of alkenes Write down three things you know
• Describe the addition reactions of alkenes with Bromine about alkenes
water as a distinguishing test from alkanes or a test for
unsaturation
KEYWORDS
Saturated
Homologous series
Blue or
Fuel
Which of the five HPL brains are you going to
Underline black pen solvent
use today? We our books
Before the lesson after the lesson
 ALKENES
CnH2n

Properties of Alkenes (same as

alkanes)
1. Insoluble in water
2. M.P and B.P increases down the
group
3. Fairly reactive
Uses of Alkenes
1. Fuel ( under go combustion reaction)
2. Making alcohol ( Hydration reaction)
3. Making plastic (Polymerisation reaction)
4. Making margarine
(Hydrogenation/addition reaction)
Addition reactions of alkenes

Halogenation/
Bromination Hydration – makes
Hydration – makes alcohol
alcohol

Hydrogenation – makes margarine

Homework: Using these points, complete the table or draw a mind map
of alkanes and alkenes.
Due next lesson

Homologous series Alkanes Alkenes

General formula
Functional group
Saturation
Source
Names of the first five members
Properties
Uses
Reactions 2 reactions(combustion, 5 reactions (combustion & 4
substitution) addition reactions with Bromine,
water, Hydrogen and
polymerization)