OSC000002 Signaling System 7 ISSUE2.1

Internal
OSC000002
Signaling System 7
ISSUE 2.1
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

 Upon completion of this course, you will
be able to:
 Understand the basic concepts in
CCS7
 Understand the important composition
of CCS7 signaling units
 Understand the basic signaling
procedure of CCS7
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Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in CCS7
Chapter 2 Signaling Units
Chapter 3 Signaling Procedure

1.1 Signaling
1.2 CCS7 Signaling Network
1.3 Hierarchy of CCS7 Signaling System

Definition of signaling
 All the control signals used within or between communication
equipment, whose function are to set up communication;
 Signals except bearer information (voice information and non-
voice information), which are used to control the action of the

exchange.

Classification of signaling: According to working
location
 Subscriber line signaling: between subscriber and the
exchange;
 Interoffice signaling: between exchanges.

Classification of signaling: According to signaling
channels
 a. CAS (Channel associated signaling):
 CAS is composed of line signal and register signal. For

CAS, the signaling channel is combined with the bear
information channel (refers to register signal) or the two
have fixed correspondence (refers to line signal).
switching switching
equipment equipment
signaling information
carried by speech channel
signaling signaling
equipment equipment

Classification of signaling: According to
signaling channels
 b. CCS (Common channel signaling):
 the signaling of a group of voice channels are transmitted

on a common high speed data link in the form of time
multiplexing.
switching switching
equipment equipment
speech channel
signaling signaling
equipment equipment
dedicated channel for carrying signaling

The comparison of CAS and CCS
 1) CAS:
 multi - frequency in - band signals, small information volume
 mutual - control transmission and receiving, slow speed
 no signaling channel during conversation
 2) CCS:
 packet data signal, large information volume
 non - mutual - control mechanism, fast speed
 independent data link for signaling, signaling could be transmitted
during conversation
 wide application area, suitable for future development
 require low error - code - ratio
 require conduction check of the voice channels

1.1 Signaling

Definition of CCS7 signaling network
 In CCS7, signaling links are independent of voice channels.

These signaling links form a network dedicated to the
transmission of signaling, the so called CCS7 signaling
network.
 It is a multifunctional supporting network, can be used in

telephone network, circuit-switch data network, ISDN network,
and intelligent network, etc.. Fundamentally, CCS7 signaling
network is a packet switching data network used for dedicated
purpose.

Existing CCS7 signaling networks
 Three supporting networks (in contrast to service networks):
 CCS7 signaling network;

 synchronization network;
 telecommunication management network (TMN).
 The existing CCS7 signaling networks
 International network,
 International reserved network,
 national network,
 national reserved network.
 In CCS7, each message carries a field called NI (network indicator) to
indicate which of the four networks this message works in.

Three elements in a CCS7 signaling network
 A CCS7 signaling network is

composed of three elements: Signaling
Point (SP), Signaling Transfer Point
(STP) and Signaling Link.
 As shown in the figure on the right, in a

CCS7 signaling network, SP is
represented by a circle, STP is
represented by a square, link is
represented by a dashed line, voice
path is represented by a solid line.

1) SP (Signaling Point)
 SP is the originating or destination point of a CCS7 message.
 In each signaling network, a SP has an exclusive signaling

point code: SPC (14 bits). Since the four signaling networks
assign the SPCs independently, only NI+SPC can uniquely
locate a SP.
 Notes: In data setting we usually describe SPC in Hex.
Following are some examples of SPC shown in binary and hex.
SPC (binary) SPC (Hex)
00 0000 1011 0101 00b5
10 0011 1101 0111 23d7

OPC and DPC (1)
 DPC: Destination Point Code
 OPC: Originating Point Code
 A message going from one SP to another SP should bearing

the SPC of the originating SP and the terminating SP, which
are called OPC and DPC respectively.
 If we compare sending a message to sending a letter, OPC

and DPC are similar to the sender's address and receiver's
address.

2) STP (Signaling Transfer Point)

 STP is the network node which transfers CCS7 messages.
3) Link
 Link is the data channel which connects the nodes (SPs and
STPs) in CCS7 signaling network.
 Digital link, 64 kb/s

Working modes of CCS7 signaling network
 Working mode refers to the relationship between the signaling

link and the voice channels the link serves.
 Presently two modes are in use:
 1) Associated mode
 The messages between two adjacent points are conveyed

over a link-set directly interconnecting those signaling
points, i.e., the link is parallel to the voice path.

Working modes of CCS7 signaling network
 2) Quasi-associated mode
 In the quasi-associated mode the message which is going

to arrive at a SP goes through a path which is
predetermined and via one or more STPs.

When the links between any two offices are
transferred by a STP, how will be the link path?
 Remember, the sole purpose of using signaling is to serve the voice path.

When the links between any two offices are
transferred by a STP, how will be the link path?
 Note: the arrows show the paths that signaling messages go through.
Remember, a signaling path always starts from one end of the voice path
it is going to serve, and ends up at the other end of the voice path.

OPC and DPC (II)
 In the following two figures, what's the DPC and OPC of the
messages?

OPC and DPC (II)
 Answer:

1.1 Signaling

Hierarchy of CCS7 signaling system
 The hierarchy of CCS7 system can be functionally divided into two parts,
i.e. Message Transfer Part (MTP) and User Part (UP).
 1) MTP (Message Transfer Part)
 The Message Transfer Part (MTP) provides the functions that enable
User Part's significant information to be transferred across the
signaling network to the required destination. In addition, functions
are included in the MTP to overcome network and system failures that
would affect the transfer of signaling information.

Hierarchy of CCS7 signaling system
 2) UP (User Part)
 The User Part (UP) is the "user" of MTP. It includes

TUP (Telephone User Part), ISUP (ISDN User Part), UP T
U
P
etc.
 In the following, our explanation will focus on ISUP,

which transmits and receives interoffice control
signals to/from the MTP for telephone calls during MTP
call process.
 The figure on the right describes the relation

between UP and MTP.

Three levels of MTP
 MTP could be further divided into 3 levels, namely, level 1--

signaling data link, level 2 -- signaling link, level 3 -- signaling
network. These three levels are similar to the first three levels
of OSI model.
 1) Level 1: Signaling Data Link
 A signaling data link is a bi-directional transmission path for

signaling, comprising two data channels operating together
in opposite directions at the same data rate. It constitutes
the lowest functional level (level 1) in the Signaling System
No. 7 functional hierarchy.

Three levels of MTP
 2) Level 2: Signaling Link
 The second level provides such functions as signal unit

delimitation, signal unit alignment, error detection, error
correction, initial alignment, signaling link error monitoring
and flow control. It, working together with level 1, ensures
the reliable transmission of messages between two
adjacent SPs.

Three levels of MTP
 3) Level 3: Signaling Network
 Functions on this level include signaling message handling

and signaling network management.
 In the transmission of messages, the function of signaling

message handling sends the messages to the proper link or
user part; while when malfunctions come up, the network
management function realizes the reorganization of the
signaling network, and when congestion appears, the
network management function carries out flow control at the
network level, so as to ensure the reliable transmission of
signaling under extreme conditions.

The 4-level structure of CCS7 system
SP A SP B
Logical
L4 User Part channel
User Part
Message
Distribution
Logical
L3 Signaling Network channel Signaling Network
Message Message
Discrimination Routing
Logical
L2 Signaling Link channel Signaling Link
Physical
L1 Signaling Data Link channel
Signaling Data Link

The distribution of CCS7 system in C&C08


Definition of CCS7 signaling unit
 Signaling unit (SU) is the minimum unit used to carry the
various signaling messages in CCS7 signaling system.

The classification of signaling units
--According to the sources
 1. MSU (Message Signaling Unit)
 Used to transfer the signaling message from the 4th level or the
signaling network management message from the 3rd level.
 2. LSSU (Link Status Signaling Unit)
 Originating and terminating at the 2nd level, it carries no detailed

signaling message, used to indicate the link status when the link is put
into use or malfunctions, so as to set up or recover the signaling links.
 3. FISU (Fill-in Signaling Unit)
 Originating and terminating at the 2nd level, it is used to fill in the

vacant locations when the link is free or congested, so as to keep the
link in the status of communication, and sometimes it is also used to
confirm the receive of message from the opposite side.

The structure of MSU, LSSU and FISU

Important fields in TUP MSU-- CIC, SLC
 CIC: Circuit Identification Code (12 bits)

 SLC: Signaling Link Code (4 bits)
switching switching
equipment equipment
speech channel
signaling signaling
equipment link equipment
 As shown in the above figure, there are multiple circuits (e.g.. one time slot
is one circuit) connecting two adjacent SPs. To distinguish them, we should
assign each of them a code, CIC. So CIC is unique in each direction, and is
coded in 12 bits. Therefore, in each direction we can have as many as
212=4096 circuits, and the value range of CIC is [0~4095].

7 bits 5 bits CIC

PCM system number PCM time slot number
 Correspondence of CIC and

E1:
 For E1, the lowest 5 bits of CIC

represent PCM time slot
number, and the higher 7 bits
represent PCM system number.

 Similarly, if there are multiple links connecting two adjacent SPs, to

distinguish them, we should assign each of them a code, SLC. So SLC
is unique in each direction, and is coded in 4 bits. Therefore, in each
direction we can have as many as 24=16 links, and the value range of
SLC is [0~15].

Dual seizure
 Different from CAS, in CCS7 we usually use bi-directional trunk circuits.

This induces the possibility of selecting the same circuit from the two
offices at the same time, which is called "dual seizure".
 To prevent this, for each circuit, we assign its "master" control right to one
office, and the "non-master" or "slave" control right over this circuit to the
office at the other end.
 Usually we assign the master control rights according to the circuit's CIC
number : if the CIC number is even then its master control right is given to
the office which has larger SPC (Signaling point code), and if the CIC
number is odd then its master control right is given to the office which has
smaller SPC.
 Following is an example of CIC and master right distribution.

Dual seizure
SP A SP B
SPC=0002 SPC=0001
0 master slave 0
1 slave master 1
2 master slave 2
2n master slave 2n
2n+1 slave master 2n+1

Dual seizure
 The principle to avoid dual seizure:
 When the local office wants to make an outgoing call, it first tries those
circuits on which it has master control right; only when all these circuits
are busy, will the local SP try the circuits it has slave control right.
 So when the slave circuits are to be selected, the possibility of "dual
seizure" rises again. Hence different "circuit selection modes" are used:
for the circuits on which the local office has master control right, "FIFO"
mode is adopted, which means the circuit bearing the longest idle period
will be selected; while for the circuits on which the local office has slave
control right, "LIFO" mode is adopted, which means the circuit bearing
the shortest idle period will be selected. In this way, most of the danger
of "Dual seizure" can be avoided.

Dual seizure
 The principle to avoid dual seizure:
 But still there is an extreme occasion when there is only one

idle circuit left for selection from both sides. Then if both sides
try to use this circuit at the same time, the possibility of dual
seizure rises again. In this case, the principle is the "slave" side
should give way to the "master" side.


Basic signaling procedure
 IAM: initial address SPA SPB
message, the part or all of IAM (6660008)
the called number are

the caller listen to ACM the called
sent in this message the ring back tone phone rings
 ACM: address complete ANM the called party

pick up the phone
message
communication
 ANM: answer message,
charge the caller REL
hooks on
first
 REL: release message RLC
 RLC: release complete

message

Call connection through tandem office
LE TM LE
IAM* IAM** (6660008)

(6660008)
ACM
ACM
ring back tone
ANM
ANM
conversation
REL the called party
REL hooks on first
RLC
RLC

The opposite office ask for caller number (e.g.,
Malicious call tracing, CLID)
LE
LE TM LE
IAM(6660008)
IAM(6660008)
INR
INR
 INR: Information
INF(8880003)
request message. INF(8880003)
ACM
 INF: Information ACM
ring back tone
Message. ANM
ANM
conversation
REL
REL
RLC
RLC

The cooperation of CCS7 and R2
LE CCS7 TM R2 LE
IAM (6660008)
SEIZE
6 (the 1st digit)
A1
6 (the 2nd digit)
..
A1
8 (the last digit)
A3
II-1
B6
ACM
ring back tone
ANSWER
ANM
conversation
CBK
REL
RLC
CLF
RLG

Summary
 This course describes the following important

aspects of CCS7:
 Basic concepts of CCS7: signaling, CCS7

signaling network, CCS7 hierarchy
 Signaling Units, in which CIC, SLC, etc. are the

most important concepts.
 Signaling procedure

Thank You
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Internal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 1

Chapter 2 Signaling Units

Chapter 3 Signaling Procedure

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2

1.2 CCS7 Signaling Network

1.3 Hierarchy of CCS7 Signaling System

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 3

 All the control signals used within or between communication

equipment, whose function are to set up communication;

 Signals except bearer information (voice information and non-

voice information), which are used to control the action of the

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 4

 Subscriber line signaling: between subscriber and the

 Interoffice signaling: between exchanges.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 5

 CAS is composed of line signal and register signal. For

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 6

 the signaling of a group of voice channels are transmitted

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 7

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 8

1.2 CCS7 Signaling Network

1.3 Hierarchy of CCS7 Signaling System

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 9

 In CCS7, signaling links are independent of voice channels.

 It is a multifunctional supporting network, can be used in

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 10

 Three supporting networks (in contrast to service networks):

 CCS7 signaling network;

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 11

 A CCS7 signaling network is

 As shown in the figure on the right, in a

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 12

 In each signaling network, a SP has an exclusive signaling

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 13

 DPC: Destination Point Code

 OPC: Originating Point Code

 A message going from one SP to another SP should bearing

 If we compare sending a message to sending a letter, OPC

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 14

2) STP (Signaling Transfer Point)

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 Working mode refers to the relationship between the signaling

 The messages between two adjacent points are conveyed

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 16

 In the quasi-associated mode the message which is going

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 17

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 18

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 19

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1.2 CCS7 Signaling Network

1.3 Hierarchy of CCS7 Signaling System

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 22

i.e. Message Transfer Part (MTP) and User Part (UP).

 1) MTP (Message Transfer Part)

User Part's significant information to be transferred across the

signaling network to the required destination. In addition, functions

would affect the transfer of signaling information.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 23

 The User Part (UP) is the "user" of MTP. It includes

 In the following, our explanation will focus on ISUP,

 The figure on the right describes the relation