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CH 05
CH 05
Chapter 5
Topologies and Ethernet Standards
1
Physical Topologies
• Physical topology
– Describes the physical network nodes layout
– Does not specify:
• Device types
• Connectivity methods
• Addressing schemes
• Fundamental shapes
– Bus, ring, star
– Hybrid (combination of fundamental shapes)
2
Bus
• Bus topology
– Single cable
– Connects all network nodes
– No intervening connectivity devices
– They share the communication channel
• Physical medium
– Usually coaxial cable
• Passive topology
– Node listens for, accepts data
– Uses broadcast to send
3
Bus
• Terminators
– 50-ohm resistors used to stop signal at end of wire
• Signal bounce
– Signal travels endlessly between two network ends
– Happens if no terminator
• One end grounded to removes static electricity
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A terminated bus topology network
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Bus
• Advantage
– Relatively inexpensive
• Disadvantages
– Does not scale well (adding more clients)
– Difficult to troubleshoot (hard to tell where problem is)
– Not very fault tolerant (one client can bring it down)
6
Ring
• Ring topology
– Node connects to nearest two nodes
– Clockwise data transmission (circular network)
• One direction (unidirectional) around ring
– Active topology
• Each workstation participates in data delivery
– Physical medium
• Twisted pair or fiber-optic cabling
• Drawbacks
– Malfunctioning workstation can disable network
– Not very flexible or scalable
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Ring
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Star
• Star topology
– Node connects through central device
• Usually a router or switch
• Physical medium
– Twisted pair or fiber-optic cabling
• Single cable connecting two devices
• Advantage
– Fault tolerant
– Flexible
• Most popular fundamental layout
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Star
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Hybrid Topologies
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Star-Wired Ring
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Star-Wired Ring
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Star-Wired Bus
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Star-Wired Bus
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Logical Topologies
A serial backbone
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Serial Backbone
• Simplest backbone
– Two or more devices connected using single medium
in daisy-chain fashion
• Benefit
– Logical growth solution
• Modular additions
– Low-cost LAN infrastructure expansion
• Easily attach switches
• Backbone components
– Gateways, routers, switches
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Serial Backbone
• Standards
– Limited number of repeating devices allowed
– Limited distance spanned between each
– Exceed standards
• Intermittent, unpredictable data transmission errors
• Not used in modern networks
20
Distributed Backbone
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Distributed Backbone
• Intermediate connectivity devices connected to
hierarchy of central connectivity devices
• Benefit
– Simple expansion, limited capital outlay
• More complicated distributed backbone connects
multiple LANs, LAN segments using routers
• Additional benefits
– Workgroup segregation (troubleshooting)
– May include daisy-chain linked repeating devices
• Drawback
– Potential for single failure points
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Collapsed Backbone
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Collapsed Backbone
• Uses router or switch
– Single central connection point for multiple
subnetworks
– Single router or switch with multiprocessors to handle
traffic
• Disadvantage
– Central router failure risk
– Routers may slow data transmission
• Advantages
– Interconnect different subnetwork types
– Central management
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Parallel Backbone
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Parallel Backbone
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Circuit Switching
• Most popular
• Breaks data into packets before transporting
• Packets
– Travel any network path to destination
– Find fastest circuit available at any instant
– Need not follow each other
– Need not arrive in sequence
– Reassembled at destination
• Ethernet networks and the internet are the most
common to use this type
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Multiprotocol Label Switching(MPLS)
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MPLS
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CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Detection)
• Network access method
– Controls how nodes access communications channel
• Carrier sense (CS)
– Ethernet NICs listen, wait until free channel detected
• Multiple access (MA)
– Ethernet nodes simultaneously monitor traffic or can
access the media
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CSMA/CD
• Collision
– Two nodes simultaneously:
• Check channel, determine it is free, begin transmission
• Collision detection (CD)
– Way nodes respond to collision
– Collision detection routine
• Enacted if node detects collision
– Jamming – What happens if collision
• NIC issues 32-bit sequence
• Indicates previous message faulty
34
CSMA/CD
35
CSMA/CD process
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CSMA/CD
• Collision domain
– Portion of network where collisions occur
• Ethernet network design
– Repeaters repeat collisions
• Result in larger collision domain
– Switches and routers
• Separate collision domains
• Collision domains differ from broadcast domains
37
Broadcast domains and collision domains
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Ethernet Standards for Copper Cable
• How to specify
– Number transmission type cable
• Ex. 10 base T
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Ethernet Standards for Copper Cable
• 10Base-T
– 10 represents maximum throughput: 10 Mbps
– Base indicates baseband transmission
– T stands for twisted pair
– Two pairs of wires: transmit and receive
• Full-duplex transmission
• Two wires for transmit
• Two wires for receive
– Baseband transmission, star topology, RJ-45
connectors
– Not common anymore
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5,4,3 rule – max 5 segments, 4 repeating devices, 3 segments populated,
500 meters max between nodes
A 10 Base-T network
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Ethernet Standards for Copper Cable
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max 3 segments, 2 repeating devices, 300 meters max between nodes
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Ethernet Standards for Copper Cable
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Ethernet Standards for Copper Cable
• 10GBase-T
– IEEE 802.3an
– Pushing limits of twisted pair
• Requires Cat 6, 6a, or 7 cabling
– Benefits
• Very fast data transmission
• Cheaper than fiber-optic
– Uses
• Connect network devices
• Connect servers, workstations to LAN
45
Ethernet Standards for Fiber-Optic
Cable
• 100Base-FX (Fast Ethernet)
– IEEE 802.3u standard
– 100-Mbps throughput, baseband, fiber-optic cabling
• Multimode fiber containing at least two strands
– Half-duplex mode
• One strand receives; one strand transmits
– Full duplex-mode
• Both strands send and receive
46
Ethernet Standards for Fiber-Optic
Cable
• 1000Base-LX (1-Gigabit Ethernet)
– IEEE 802.3z standard
– 1000-Mbps throughput
– Base: baseband transmission
– LX: Long wavelengths
– Single-mode fiber: 5000 meters maximum segment
(3.1 miles)
– Multimode fiber: 550 meters maximum segment (0.34
miles)
47
Ethernet Standards for Fiber-Optic
Cable
• 1000Base-SX (1-Gigabit Ethernet)
– Differences from 1000Base-LX
• Multimode fiber-optic cable
• Uses short wavelengths
– Maximum segment length dependencies
• Fiber diameter
– 50 micron fibers: 550 meter maximum length (0.34 miles)
– 62.5 micron fibers: 275 meter maximum length (0.17
miles)
48
10-Gigabit Fiber-Optic Standards
• 802.3ae standard
– Fiber-optic Ethernet networks transmitting data at 10
Gbps
– Several variations (will discuss next)
– Common characteristics
• Star topology, allow one repeater, full-duplex mode
– Differences
• Signal’s light wavelength; maximum allowable segment
length
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10-Gigabit Fiber-Optic Standards
50
10-Gigabit Fiber-Optic Standards
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10-Gigabit Fiber-Optic Standards
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Summary of Common Ethernet Standards
53
Ethernet Frames
• Four Ethernet frame types
1. Ethernet_802.2 (Raw)
2. Ethernet_802.3 (Novell proprietary)
3. Ethernet_II (DIX)
4. Ethernet_SNAP
• Frame types differ slightly in format
– Coding and decoding packets
• Framing
– Independent of higher-level layers
54
Using and Configuring Frames
55
Frame Fields
• Common fields
– 7-byte preamble, 1-byte start-of-frame delimiter
– SFD (start-of-frame delimiter) identifies where data
field begins
– 14-byte header
– 4-byte FCS (frame check sequence)
– Frame size range: 64 to 1518 total bytes
• Larger frame sizes result in faster throughput
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Ethernet_II (DIX)
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PoE (Power over Ethernet)
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PoE
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Summary
Questions
61