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Presentation on
FACTS Devices
Benefits of FACTS Devices
Types of FACTS Devices
Introduction to UPFC
Circuit Description
Control Schemes
Conclusion
Future Perspectives
References
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3 FACTS
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) is a new integrated
concept based on power electronic switching converters and
dynamic controllers to enhance the system utilization and power
transfer capacity as well as the stability, security, reliability and
power quality of AC system interconnections
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4 BENEFITS OF FACTS
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5 FACTS DEVICES
Name Type Main function Controller Name
series inverter injects a voltage, Vse which is controllable in amplitude and phase angle
in series with the transmission line
This series voltage can be determined in different ways:
Direct Voltage Injection Mode: The reference inputs are directly the magnitude and
phase angle of the series voltage
Phase Angle Shifter Emulation Mode: The reference input is phase displacement
between the sending end voltage and the receiving end voltage
Line Impedance Emulation Mode: The reference input is an impedance value to insert in
series with the line impedance
Automatic Power flow Control Mode: The reference inputs are values of P and Q to
maintain on the transmission line despite system changes
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11 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF UPFC
Vc
I Vm
Vs Vr
Vc
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13 Control Schemes
PHASE-ANGLE CONTROL
Adjusting the amplitude of the 90" leading or lagging output voltage makes it possible to
control active power
The d-q frame coordinates based on space vectors, the d-axis current id corresponds to
active power, and so it can be controlled by the q-axis voltage Vcq. Therefore, the
reference voltage vector for the series device is given by
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14 Control Schemes
CROSS-COUPLING CONTROL
The "cross-coupling control" has not only an active power feedback loop but also a
reactive power feedback loop
This control scheme is characterized by controlling both the magnitude and the phase
angle
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15 Control Schemes
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Limitations with existing transmission
16
network
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17
• Loop Flow: Power flows
through unintended paths.
This further stress the
transmission network and
limit the penetration of
renewable energy sources.
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19 FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
Transformer-Less Unified Power Flow Controller :
Uses two fully-rated power converters leading to increased size, cost and power loss of
the system
UPFC technology can achieve independent power flow control with fractionally rated
back-to-back converters
The quest to achieve fractionally rated power flow controllers has recently led to new
inventions in this area
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21 CONCLUSION
Conventional power feedback control schemes make the UPFC induce power
fluctuations in transient states
The time constant of damping is independent of the active and reactive power
feedback gains Kp and Kq
The feedback gain Kr with a physical meaning of resistor is effective in damping of
power swings
The proposed control scheme achieves quick response of active and reactive power
without causing power swings and producing steady state errors
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22 REFERENCES
[1] Y. N. Yu, Electric Power System Dynamics. Academic Press, 1983.
[2] P. W. Sauer and M. A. Pai, Power System Dynamics and Stability. Prentice Hall, 1998.
[3] J. R. Smith, G. Andersson, and C. W. Taylor, “Annotated Bibliography on Power System
Stability Controls: 1986- 1994”, IEEE Trans. on PWRS, 11(2)(1996), pp. 794–800.
[4] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of
Flexible AC Transmission Systems. New York: IEEE Press, 2000.
[5] N. G. Hingorani, “FACTS-Flexible AC Transmission System”, Proceedings of 5th
International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission-IEE Conference
Publication 345, 1991, pp. 1–7.
Sources:
Google, Wikipedia, IEEE & YouTube
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