MODEM

 A modem is a communication device works on the concept of modulation it includes modulator

at the sender’s end & demodulator at the receiver’s end.
 Thus ,data transmission through modem we need a pair of modem.
 It is a communication device that converts binary signal into analog signal for transmission
over telephone lines & converts these analog signal back into binary signal a receiving end.

 Conversion to analog signal at sender’s end – Modulation.

 Conversion to binary signal receiver ‘s end- Demodulation.
Implementing a data
circiut using
modem.
Here DTE
represents data
terminal end and it.
DCE represents
distributed
•This figure represents how a pair of modem are
computer connected through pair of computers .
environment.
DTE: It can be defined as a machine which can be used to
regulate the flow of data from one computer to the other. It is
mostly used for serial communications.
DTE is a computer
and DCE is a DCE: It can be defined as:provide services which can be
modem. used for time service, threads service, for making RPC which
is also known as remote procedure calls.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MODEM
Classification of modem
 1.) Direction capability itself defines that it works on direction
Classification i.e.
of modem half (in a single direction ) and full duplex(in both the
direction).
1.) Directional
2.) Connection to the line means line interface modem , it is also
capability of 2 types 2w & 4w modem.

2.) Connection
to the line
3.)
Transmission 3.) Transmission mode includes two modes :
mode  Asynchonous mode which means dat this modem can
handle data bytes with start and stop bits.

 Synchronous modem can handle continous stream of

data.
MODULATION
METHOD
ASK is not used for data
communication because
it is very supectible to
noise interference.

Low speed modem use

FSK.

Higher speed modem use

PSK.

Very high speed modem

use a conjuction of ASK
and FSK, and also TCM.
 Modem standards
 MODEM that uses ASK and FSK have signal constellation ,a diagram that uses points
plotted on a co-ordinate system and defines all signal changes.
 Today ,many of the most popular modems available are based on the V-series standards
published by the ITU-T.
 First came V.22 , V.32 , V.32BIS
V.22 modem uses PSK
four points all the same
distance from the origin.
V.22 bis uses signal
constellation of 16 points .
These standard calls for
600 baud and abit per
baud , giving a data rate
of 2400 bps.
V.32 standard is a 32 bit
point constellation ,using
2400 baud and 5 bits per
baud.V.32 provides the
data rate of 4*2400 =
9600.
The extra bit is used in
error correction . Signal constellation is a diagram that uses points
plotted on a co-ordinate system to define all signal
changes.
Types of modem
Dial up modem:
A dial up modem in a
computer is used to
place a phone call to
another modem .

The call originates at a

residence and
terminates at ISP.

Once the phone

connection is in place ,
the two modems use
Once the call has been answered by a modem on the
audio tones to send other end, there is a connection from one computer
data. directly to another , the connection stays in place as
long as needed.
Null modem : Null modem is a communication method to connect two
DTE’s directly using an RS 232 serial cable.

HOW DOES A NULL MODEM PIN DIAGRAM of d9 and d25 null

LOOKS LIKE.. modem
 Types of null modem and pin diagram repesentation

Many times it is desirable to connect two terminals over

Null modem pin diagram a short distance without using modem. For this null
represnts: modem was designed .

 A null modem is an EIA-232 interface

that completes the necessary circuits to
fool DTE’s at either end into believing
they have DCE’s and a network between
them.
 Types of null modem:
 1.) No hardware handshaking
 2.) Loop back handshaking

 3.) Partial handshaking

 4.) Full handshaking

 5.) Virtual null modem

 FAX MODEM
 A Fax modem enables a computer to transmit and receive documents as faxes.
 A Fax modem is like a data modem but it is designed to transmit and receive
documents to and from machine or other Fax modem.
 Digital subscriber line
 After traditional modems reached their peak data rate ,telephone
companies developed another technology ,DSL , to provide higher-speed
access to the internet . Digital subscriber line (DSL)technology is one of the
most promising for supporting high-speed digital communication over the
existing local loops.

 DSL technology is a set of technologies , each differing in the first letter

ADSL
VDSL
HDSL
SDSL

This picture represents DSL modem:

 ADSL :ADSL is an symmetric communication technology
designed for residential users ;it is not suitable for businesses.

ADSL supports data rate from 1.5 to 9 MBPS at In this data is sent over copper lines and has a
downstream rate and 16 to 640 KBPS at special filter called micro filter that allows use of
upstream. ADSL and regular voice at same time.
HDSL:High bit rate
digital subscriber line.
HDSL is designed alternative
to the T-1 line and uses
alternate mark inversion(AMI)
encoding.

HDSL uses 2B1Q encoding

which is less supectible to
attenuation.

It has 1.5-2.0 Mbps at

downstream and 1.5-2.0 Mbps
over a distance of 20,000 ft.

Uses 2 two pair to achieve full

duplex transmission.
SDSL:Symmetric digital
subscriber line.

SDSL is one twisted pair

version of HDSL.

It provides full duplex

symmetric communication
supporting upto 768 kbps
in each direction.

Over 12,000 ft.

Suitable for residential

subscribers,not for
businesses.
VDSL :Very high bit rate
digital subscriber line.

VDSL

This is an alternative
approach that is similar to
ADSL.

It uses coaxial,fibre optic

or twisted pair cable for
short distances.

It provides 25-55 Mbps as

downstream rate and 3.5
Mbps as upstream rate
over 3000 to 10,000 ft.