NC, CNC & DNC System

Aris Hendaryanto, S.T., M.Eng.

Program Studi D3 Teknik Mesin SV-UGM
Basic components of NC system

 Program of instructions - Step by step set of

directions which tell machine tool what to do.
 Controller unit (MCU) - Electronic and
computerized interface between operator and
machine that read and interpret program of
instructions and convert it into mechanical
actions of machine tool.
 Machine tool or other controlled process.
Machining centre, Welding, Assembly etc.
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NC System

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Basic components of NC system
NC System

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Punched Tape
NC System

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Standard Tape Code
NC System

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NC System

Mechanical Tape Reader 7

NC System

Optical Tape Reader 8

NC System

Pneumatic Tape Reader 9

Problems with conventional NC
system

 Part programming mistakes

 Non optimal speeds and feeds
 Punched tape
 Tape reader
 Controller
 Management information & data

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CNC System

 Conventional hard-wired NC controller unit

replaced by computer
 NC system that utilizes stored programs in
a dedicated computer to perform some or
all NC functions
 Soft-wired
 Flexibility 11
Functions of CNC System

 Machine tool control

 In-process compensation
 Improved programming and operating
features
 Diagnostics

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 Functions of CNC System
 In-process compensation
Dynamic correction of machine tool motion for changes or
errors that occur during processing
 Adjustment of errors sensed by in-process inspection
probes and gauges.
 Recomputation of axis positions when an inspection
probe is used to locate a datum reference on the work
part.
 Offset adjustments for tool radius and length.
 Adaptive control adjustments to speed and feed
 Computation of predicted tool life and selection of
alternate tooling when indicated. 13
 Functions of CNC System
 Improved programming and operating features
 On-line editing of part programs at the machine.
 Special canned cycles.
 Graphic display of tool path to verify the tape.
 Various types of interpolation: circular, parabolic, cubic.
 Support of various units. Conversion from one unit to
another unit.
 Use of specially written subroutines or macros.
 Manual data input (MDI).
 Several part programs in bulk can be stored

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 Functions of CNC System
 Diagnostics – Equipped with diagnostic
capability to assist in maintaining and repairing
the system.
 Identification of reason for downtime.
 Indication of imminent failure of certain
component.
 Redundancy of components.

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 CNC Programming

 On-line programming
Programming

(Manual Data Input)

Manual

 Off-line programming
(Computer Assisted
Programming)
 Automatic Part
Programming (integrated
programming on
CAD/CAM system)
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 Automatic Part Programming
Software programs can automatic generation of CNC data

Define Tool

Post
Processing

CNC data

Simulate
Make 3D model cutting Part Program
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(G-code)
DNC: Direct Numerical Control

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DNC: Distributed Numerical Control
 A manufacturing system in which number of
machines are controlled by a computer
through direct connection and in real time.

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DNC: Distributed Numerical Control

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NC – CNC – DNC System

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 Functions of DNC
 NC without punched tape
 NC part program storage
 Data collection, processing and reporting
- Monitor production in the factory
- Getting the data about health of the machine in the form of
sensor signals or diagnostic messages which can be used for
preventive/predictive maintenance
- Metrological data in the form of dimensional acceptance
 Communications

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Advantages of DNC
 Elimination of punched tape and tape reader
 Greater computational capability and flexibility
 Convenient storage of NC part programs in
computer files
 Reporting of shop performance
 Establishes the framework for evolution of future
computer automated factory (CIM)
 2-5 % increase in operational efficiency of CNC
machine tools. Cost of DNC installation can be
recovered quickly
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