Square of

opposition
Square of opposition
 One of the sc hemes to determine the truth
a n d f a l s i t y o f p ro p o s i t i o n s i s t h e s q u a r e
of opposition.
 It is a c hart whic h represents the logical
f l ow o r r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t we e n
p ro p o s i t i o n s.
 I t wa s b e l i e ve d t o h a ve b e e n i n t ro d u c e d
during the time of Aristotle
In determining truth using the square of opposition,
the propositions are represented by the symbols A,
E, I and O.
A E

i O
A – stands for affirmative universal or singular
statements.
e.g. All men are living beings.
Every man is a thinking being.

E – stands for negative universal or singular

statements.
e.g. No man is immortal.
An animal is not a plant.
I – stands for affirmative particular statements.
e.g. Some men are professionals.
Some plants are fruit-bearing.

O – stands for negative particular statements.

e.g. Some men are not achievers.
Most Filipinos are not white.