SHOE CORPORATION

OF ILLINOIS
 TECHNOLOGY IS THE SET OF
PROCESSES THAT AN
ORGANIZATION USES TO
TRANSFORM VARIOUS RESOURCES
INTO PRODUCTS OR SERVICES
 JOAN WOODWARD:
CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY

MASS MARKET CUSTOMISED

ROBBINS LAWSON
ROUTINE NON-ROUTINE
LARGE BATCH SMALL BATCH
TASKS HIGHLY TASKS LESS
FRACTIONATED
FRACTIONATED
 WOODWARD

•UNIT OR SMALL-BATCH
TECHNOLOGY
•LARGE-BATCH OR MASS-
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
•CONTINUOUS PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY (EG. PETROLEUM
REFINERY, FOOD PROCESSING,
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING)
SMALL BATCH:
ORGANIC STRUCTURE

LARGE BATCH:
MECHANISTIC STRUCTURE

CONTINUOUS PROCESS:
ORGANIC STRUCTURE
LIKERT’S SYSTEM 4 VERSUS
SYSTEM 1 ORGANIZATIONS
 CONTROL PROCESS

SYSTEM 4:
DISPERSED THROUGHOUT THE
ORGANIZATION; EMPHASISES
SELF-CONTROL & PROBLEM-
SOLVING
SYSTEM 1:
CENTRALIZED AND EMPHASISES
FIXING OF BLAME FOR MISTAKES
 INTERACTION PROCESS
SYSTEM 4 : OPEN & EXTENSIVE;
BOTH SUPERIORS &
SUBORDINATES ARE ABLE TO
AFFECT DEPARTMENTAL GOALS,
METHODS, AND ACTIVITIES
SYSTEM 1 : CLOSED &
RESTRICTED; SUBORDINATES
HAVE LITTLE EFFECT ON
DEPARTMENTAL GOALS,
METHODS, AND ACTIVITIES
 COMMUNICATION PROCESS
SYSTEM 4 :
INFORMATION FLOWS FREELY
THROUGHOUT THE
ORGANIZATION---UPWARD,
DOWNWARD & LATERALLY
SYSTEM 1 :
INFORMATION FLOWS
DOWNWARDS, AND IS
DISTORTED, INACCURATE AND
VIEWED SUSPICIOUSLY BY
 PERFORMANCE GOALS
SYSTEM 4 :
ARE HIGH & ACTIVELY SOUGHT
BY SUPERIORS WHO ARE
COMMITTED TO DEVELOPING
THROUGH TRAINING, THEIR
HUMAN RESOURCES
SYSTEM 1 :
ARE LOW. MANAGERS HAVE NO
COMMITMENT TO DEVELOPING
HUMAN RESOURCES
 LEADERSHIP PROCESS
SYSTEM 4 : CONFIDENCE
BETWEEN SUPERIORS &
SUBORDINATES; SUBORDINATES
DISCUSS JOB PROBLEMS WITH
SUPERIORS
SYSTEM 1 : NO CONFIDENCE
BETWEEN SUPERIORS &
SUBORDINATES; SUBORDINATES
DO NOT DISCUSS PROBLEMS WITH
SUPERIORS
 DECISION PROCESS

SYSTEM 4 :
OCCURS AT ALL LEVELS
THROUGH APPROPRIATE GROUP
PROCESSES & IS DECENTRALIZED
SYSTEM 1 :
OCCURS ONLY AT THE TOP & IS
RELATIVELY CENTRALIZED
 GOAL-SETTING PROCESS

SYSTEM 4 :
ENCOURAGES WIDESPREAD
PARTICIPATION IN SETTING HIGH,
REALISTIC GOALS
SYSTEM 1 :
LOCATED AT THE TOP AND
DISCOURAGES WIDESPREAD
PARTICIPATION
 MOTIVATION PROCESS
SYSTEM 4 :
TAPS A FULL RANGE OF MOTIVES;
EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES ARE
FAVOURABLE
SYSTEM 1 :
TAPS ONLY PHYSICAL, SECURITY,
& ECONOMIC MOTIVES;
EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES ARE
UNFAVOURABLE