Learning Outcomes….

 To understand the importance of

referencing.

 Understand of the main elements and the

list of referencing sources.

 Understand the Phrasing and Tips.

 What is referencing?

When you are writing a piece of work and use

someone else's words or ideas you must reference
them. This means that you need to include
detailed information on all sources consulted,
both within your text (in-text citations) and at the
end of your work (reference list).
 Why is it important?
Referencing...
 Is crucial to successful research.
 Helps the reader to find the original source if they
wish.
 Improves your writing skills.
 Adds authenticity to your argument.
 Shows that you have read widely.
 Can help you get better marks.
 Plagiarism….
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism involves deliberately or inadvertently presenting
someone else's ideas as your own.
How to avoid plagiarism?
 Plan your work in advance and manage your time
effectively.
 Read a passage and then make notes afterwards. This
makes it easier to use your own words.
 Note down all the details for each source as you work. This
will help you to compile a reference list or bibliography.
 Save your notes and work until you receive your final mark.
 Books
1. Citing within the text •2. Listing references at
of an assignment. the end of an
Books: assignment.
•(Single author) •Stevens, M., 1996. How
•Stevens (1996, p.2) to be better at … giving
pointed out that presentations. London:
“referencing is a skill all Kogan Page.
students should •McCarthy, P. and C.
develop”. Hatcher., 2002.
•Two Authors: McCarthy Presentation skills: the
and Hatcher (2002, essential guide for
p.78) suggested that… students. London: Sage.
 Books
Three or More authors: Uncertainty Referencing is
Mares et al. (2002, p.105) inextricably linked to the
proposed…(Always give the concept of plagiarism; it
first author, with or without involves learning how to
the others - use et al. if not represent what has been
giving the other names) learned from earlier authors
(Pears and Shields, 2008, p.
18).
MARES, P. et al., 1995. Health
care in multiracial Britain.
Cambridge: Health McGowan (2009, p. 2)
Education Council criticised the requirements
of academic writing for
being shrouded in mystery
and therefore it not
unreasonable for students to
expect clear, succinct
guidelines.
 Journals, Magazines,
Newspaper
Journals or Magazines: Newspaper:
•In Text: Wilson and Till • In text
(2008, p.60) discovered • Foreman (2005, p.1)
that…… described...
•In Reference: Wilson, • Reference list
R.T. and TILL, B.D., • Foreman, J., (2005).
(2008). Airport Olympic cities
advertising brought to their knees
effectiveness: an by
exploratory field study.
Journal of advertising, • the games. Daily
37(1), 59-72. mail, 7 July, 1-2
 Websites
Website: Reference list
• In text • Williams, R., 2010.
• Williams (2010) Universities and hit by
described how... industrial action
• Note that no page [online].
number is given • Available:http://www
because this comes .guardian.co.uk/edu
from an online cation/2010/may/06/
source. cutsandclosures-
middlesexuniversity
[accessed 6 May
2010].
 Websites
•Website: • In text
• Some websites don't • Figures provided by
provide all the details Deakin University
you may need - (2009)...
include as much • Reference list
information as you can. • DEAKIN UNIVERSITY,
If no author is given, 2006. The literature
use the provider of the review [online].
website as the author Available:
(this may be the name http://www.deakin.edu
of a University, a .au/library/findout/rese
company, a arch/litrev.php
newspaper, or just the [accessed 6 May 2008]
website name).
 E-book & PPT
E-book on the internet:
• In text
• Docking and Tuffin (2005,
p.8) observed...
• Reference list
• Docking, M. and TUFFIN, R.,
(2005). Racist incidents:
progress since the Lawrence
Inquiry [online]. London:
Home Office. Available:
http://www.homeoffice.gov
.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr4205.pd
f [accessed 9 May 2008]
PPT Presentations:
• In text
• Smith (2009, January 9th )
observed...
• Reference list
•Smith, J.,(2009, January 9th).
Hand washing for the
beginner. [PowerPoint slides].
Presented at a GM1234 lecture
at ABC University.
Please note that it is usually not
recommended to quote your
lecturers’ presentation in
academic writing
 Theses & TV
•Theses and • TV & radio
dissertations programmes
• In text • In text
• Davis (2006, p.24) • This event was reported
explained that... on television the same
day (News at Ten,
• Reference list 2008).
• Davis, L., (2006). British • Reference list
travellers and the
rediscovery of Sicily: • News at ten, 2008. TV,
16th-19th century. PhD ITV1. 16 June. 2200hrs
Thesis, Southampton
Solent University
 Images &
Secondary Ref
Images Secondary references
• In text • If you have not read an original
source but have read about it
• As can be seen in the
through another source
painting Dancing
• and want to discuss it, you must
lesson (Degas 1880).
reference the source you have
• Reference list actually viewed.
• Degas, E., 1880. • In text
Dancing lesson. Oil • Shuell (cited in Biggs and Tang
on canvas. At: 2007) puts forward the idea that…
Williamstown, • Reference list
Massachusetts: • Biggs, J and Tang, C., (2007).
• Sterling and Francine Teaching for Quality Learning at
Clark Art Institute University. 3rd ed.
(no.562) • Maidenhead: Open University Press.
 PHRASING……
There are several ways to
phrase in-text citations and
place the author’s surname
within a sentence.
•START: Smyth (2010, p. 187)
argued that “18-25 year old
males...”
•MIDDLE: In a recent survey
(Jones, 2009), the pedagogic
benefits of interactive
whiteboards were analysed.
•END: Smith (2009) stated that
Apple is a good product but
Apple is a globally recognised
brand name, whose products
are regarded as the best on
the market.
•TIPS:
1. Give the citation where it fits
comfortably with the flow of
your writing.
2. Where the author’s name
does not occur naturally,
put the in-text citation into
brackets.
3. If you paraphrase
something it may be neater
to give the in-text citation at
the end of the sentence.
 All together

• Dewi, M., 2012. Value Chain And Competitive Advantage of

Samsung. Dewimir blogspot, [online] 22 November. Available at:
<http://dewimir.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/value-chain-and
competitive-advantage.html> [Accessed on 10/10/2013].
• McCarthy, P. and C. Hatcher., 2002. Presentation skills: the essential
guide for students. London: Sage
• Ravallion, M., Chen, S. and Sangraula, P., 2009. Dollar a day revisited.
The World Bank Econ Rev. Vol. 23(2), pp. 163- 184.
• Scheyvens, R., 2007. Exploring the tourism-poverty nexus. Current
Issues in Tourism. Vol. 10(2-3), pp. 231-254.
• Sea, N., 2013. Samsung Electronics All about Samsung electronics.
Seaninty blogspot [online] . Available at:
<http://seaninny.blogspot.co.uk/> [Accessed on 10/10/2013].

• Please note to always present your references in the alphabetical

order
This presentation was prepared by CHM –all rights reserved. 25