EVOLUTION OF Rick Graziani

COMPUTERS
Origins of Computing Machines

Windows Abacus Pascal’s mechanical calculator - 1645

 Early computing devices

 Abacus: positions of beads represent numbers
 Gear-based machines (1600s-1800s)
 Positions of gears represent numbers
 Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage
Babbage’s Difference Engine
Part of the Difference Engine (below)

Replica of Difference Engine (right)

• Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that
eventually led to more complex designs.
• The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts, weighed
fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and stood 8 ft (2.4 m) high. Although he received
ample funding for the project, it was never completed. (Wikipedia)
Early Data Storage

 Punched cards
 First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns for weaving
cloth
 Storage of programs in Babbage’s Analytical Engine
 Popular through the 1970’s
Jacquard loom

 The Jacquard loom was the first machine to use punch cards to
control a sequence of operations.
 Did not do computation, but important in history of computer
science.
 The ability to change the pattern of the loom's weave by simply
changing cards
 An important conceptual precursor to the development of
computer programming. (Wikipedia)
Augusta Ada Byron

 Augusta Ada King, Countess of

Lovelace (1815-1852)
 Mainly known for having written a
description of Charles Babbage's
early mechanical general-purpose
computer, the analytical engine.
 She is also known as the "first
computer programmer".
 The computer language Ada,
created by the U.S. Defense
Department, was named after Ada
Lovelace.
Early Computers

 Here is a brief overview of some of the early computers and trends in

computing.
First Generation – Vacuum Tubes
 1930’s – Vacuum tubes were used as electronic
circuits or electronic switches.
First Generation – Vacuum
Tubes
 First electronic digital computer built by Konrad Zuse, who developed
his first machine, the Z1, in his parents' living room in Berlin in 1938.
 Another early digital computer was built by Dr. John Atanasoff and his
assistant Clifford Berry, known as the ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)
built at Iowa State University during 1937-42.
 1946 - ENIAC
 First large-scale electronic digital computer was ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
 30 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 8 feet high
 3 additions every second, (incredibly slow by today’s standards).
 1946 - ENIAC
 Grace Hopper, one of the first
programmers on the ENIAC and
the developer of the
programming language COBOL,
says, “It was the first machine
that assisted the power of man’s
brain instead of the strength of
his arm.”
 ENIAC was developed long before
the days of silicon chips or
microchips, even before the
transistor was invented.
 Like ABC, ENIAC was made up of
vacuum tubes, over 18,000 of
them!
 1951- UNIVAC 1
 1951 the first commercially available computer was developed, the UNIVAC I
(UNIVersal Automatic Computer) using vacuum tubes
 3,000 additions every second.
 In 5 years we were going a thousand times faster.

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 1951- UNIVAC 1
 Rear Admiral Grace Hopper, USN, with other programmers.
 Photo taken, August 13, 1957

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Second Generation – Transistors
 1947 –John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William
Shockley invented the transistor at Bell Laboratories
 Replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic switch
1954 - TRADIC
 TRADIC (TRAnsistorized Airborne DIgital Computer)
 800 transistors.
 First computer system to completely use transistors
 First computer to be successfully operated in an aircraft, an
environment which was hostile to previous computer systems.
Second Generation - Transistors

Transistors were:
 Smaller
 Faster
 More reliable
 Less expensive
Third Generation – Integrated Circuits
 1959, Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce at Fairchild
Semiconductor (who was later to become the
cofounder of Intel Corp.) developed the first
integrated circuit (silicon chip or microchip).
 An integrated circuit (IC) is a system of interrelated
circuits packaged together on a single sliver of
silicon.
 It is a way of placing multiple (millions) transistor
devices into as single, smaller device, the
“microchip.”
Third Generation –
Integrated Circuits
 The Integrated Circuit (also known as IC, chip or
microchip) placed the previously separated
Transistors, resistors, capacitors and wiring
circuitry onto a single chip made of semiconductor
material (Silicon).

 The Integrated Circuit greatly shrunk the size and

cost of making electronics and impacted the
future designs of all computers and other
electronics.
1960 – IBM 360
 1 addition every billionth of a second (nanosecond), or a billion additions
every second
Fourth Generation -
Microprocessor
 Located all the components of computer
from the central processing unit (CPU)
and memory to input and output controls
on a single chip.
Fourth Generation -
Microprocessor
 A single silicon chip, the Intel 4004 chip
developed in 1971.
 1981 IBM ( International Business Machine )
first computer introduce for home used.
 1984 Apple introduce the Macintosh,
microprocessor is move out to realm of
desktop.
Fourth Generation -
Microprocessor
 1971, Intel Corp. introduced the first microprocessor chip.
 Intel 4004
 108 kHz and contained (equivalent of) 2300 transistors

Intel 4004
IBM used it for calculators not
computers
 Busicom desk-top printing calculator, the world’s first
commercial product to use a microprocessor.
 Used the Intel 4004 CPU.
1975 - Altair 8800
 Ed Roberts and the
Altair 8800

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MITS Altair 8800
 Microcomputer - a computer
which has a microprocessor.
 Used the Intel 8080
Microprocessor

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1972 - Xerox Alto
 Xerox Alto
 Developed at Xerox PARC (Palo
Alto Research Center)
 Not for consumer market.
 1981 – Xerox Star
 Xerox executives “just didn’t
get it”.
 1976 - Apple I
 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak developed the
Apple I microcomputer in their basement.
 Though it was a flop, its successor became
the first popular home computer
1977 – Apple II

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 29

Others from 1977 - 1981

Commodore Kaypro
PET 2001

Osbourne

Tandy TRS-80
 Others from 1977 - 1981

Texas Instruments
Atari

IMSAI
Timex Sinclair
 1981 – IBM PC
 What everyone was waiting for, or fearing…
 “Open Architecture” and IBM

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1984 – Apple Macintosh

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1985 – Microsoft Windows 1.0

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1987 – IBM PS2 and OS2
 Closed architecture (similar to Apple)
Advantages
 Small,
powerful, and could linked
together.
 Starts
the development of
internet.
 Also,saw the development of
mouse, hand-held devices and
GUI’s ( Graphical User Interface ).
Modern Microprocessors
Modern Desktops
Laptops
 IBM TrueNorth
 The TrueNorth chip is part of an effort that began at IBM in

2008, with the goal of producing a new form of computing

architecture based on the brain’s neuron and synapse

network.

 TrueNorth chip recognizes patterns and leverages them for

more efficient data handling and processing, with the help

of its 4,096 cores.

 Those 4,096 cores working in harmony represent one million

neurons and 256 million synapses. That’s still a far cry

from a human brain’s ten billion neurons and 100 trillion

synapses, which is the ultimate goal of the IBM cognitive

computing project.
http://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/ibms-unveils-the-brain-inspired-truenorth-cognitive-
computer/#ixzz3yBOR6gzI

http://www.research.ibm.com/articles/brain-chip.shtml
Fifth Generation-
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
 The fifth generation of computing is called "artificial
intelligence," and it is the goal of computer
scientists and developers to eventually create
computers than outsmart, outwit, and maybe even
outlast their human inventors
Five Categories
 Game playing
 Neural networks
 Natural language
 Expert systems
 Robotics
Game Playing
 No longer will computing simply
be a person playing a game
alone on their computer; in the
future, computers will be able
to play along, and possibly win.
Game Playing
 One of the biggest breakthroughs of
artificial intelligence was in 1997, when an
IBM computer Deep Blue successfully beat
the world champion of chess Garry
Kasparov at his own game. It was the first
time a computer had beat a human being.
Game Playing
 In 2011, IBM introduced "Watson" to Jeopardy
viewers in the United States. It managed to
beat all of its opponents on the trivia-heavy
game show – even longest-running champion,
Ken Jennings.
Neural Networks
 A neural network tries to reproduce the thoughts and
physical connections of human or animal brains, and is
one of the hottest areas of fifth generation computing.
 These neural networks are also becoming important in
much smaller applications, such as the voice recognition
feature on many current personal computers and mobile
phones.
Natural Language
 Currently, the kind of voice recognition that is
available to consumers falls more under the
category of "dictation" than "conversation." That's
because the computer can hear the words and
transcribe them into text..
 Likewise, natural language is currently limited to
one tone of voice, and most artificial intelligence
computing devices can't distinguish between a
softy-spoken sentence, and an angry sentence that
has been screamed at them in at high volume.
Expert Systems
 We have all been victims of so-called "human error"
 researchers are looking to artificial intelligence as a sort of
fail-proof way of diagnosing patients and doing everyday
human tasks.
 These so-called expert systems can help people make the
right decision in a tough environment; not only are they able
to store much more information than the human brain, as
well as have it more readily available, but their systems are
not clouded by biases and other purely human errors in
judgment.
 Expert systems are quite black and white, quite robotic, and
it is the hope of artificial intelligence developers that they
will be better at decision making and diagnosing problems
than their human counterparts.
Robotics
 This might be the most popular area of artificial
intelligence among those who are not familiar with
more advanced concepts like "neural networks" or
"expert systems."
 Robotics in the realm of artificial intelligence is
about creating robots which can experience, and
react to, external stimuli – just like their human
counterparts.
 That means these robots will be able to lead semi-
autonomous lives, aware of their surroundings and
able to independently modify their behavior based
on their environment. It's one of the most
promising, and most difficult, areas of artificial
intelligence.
Honda’s Asimo
• a humanoid robot designed and developed by Honda. Introduced on 21
October 2000, ASIMO was designed to be a multi-functional mobile
assistant.
• With aspirations of helping those who lack full mobility
• ASIMO has the ability to recognize moving objects, postures, gestures, its
surrounding environment, sounds and faces, which enables it to interact
with humans.
• The robot interprets voice commands and human gestures, enabling it to
recognize when a handshake is offered or when a person waves or points,
and then respond accordingly
• ASIMO responds to questions by nodding or providing a verbal answer in
different languages and can recognize approximately 10 different faces
and address them by name.
 Edgar
• Nanyang Technological University in Singapore
• autonomously deliver speeches and read from a script. With an
integrated webcam, he automatically tracks the people he
meets to engage them in conversation, giving informative or
witty replies to questions.
• tele-presence robot, optimised to replicate the movements of
a human user. By standing in front of a specialised webcam, the
user can control EDGAR remotely from anywhere in the world.
Their face and expressions are projected onto the robot’s face
in real time, while the robot mimics the person’s upper body
movements, which include two highly articulated arms.
 Nadine
• a “receptionist” at Nanyang
Technological University in
Singapore.
• She is friendly, and will greet you
back. Next time you meet her, she
will remember your name and your
previous conversation with her.
• She looks almost like a human being,
with soft skin and flowing brunette
hair. She smiles when greeting you,
looks at you in the eye when talking,
and can also shake hands with you.
• Unlike most conventional robots,
Nadine has her own personality,
mood and emotions. She can be
happy or sad, depending on the
conversation.
• She also has a good memory, can
visually recognize the people she has
met and remember what the person
had said before.