GROUP 1

MEMBERS:
ACENO, ERIE JESSAMEIN BRIONES, ALEXANDER
TORRES, ALTHEA MAE AMOY, JUHNDELL
BASALLO, DAILLIEN BANGUERAN, MYKE EMMANUEL
FABRICA, QUEENEY DEIPARINIE, JEFF
DAHUYA, RONAN
WHAT IS VISCOSITY?
The viscosity of a substance is a measure of its consistency.
Viscosity is defined as the ability of a substance to resist flow. In a
sense, viscosity is the inverse of fluidity. Cold molasses, for example,
has a higher viscosity than water because it is less fluid. A magma's
viscosity is largely controlled by its temperature, composition,
and gas content (see downloadable programs at the bottom of
this page). The effect of temperature on
viscosity is intuitive. Like most liquids, the
higher the temperature, the more fluid a
substance becomes, thus lowering its viscosity.
1. LAVA WITH LESS SILICA CONTENT HAS
LOW VICOSITY THAT IT CAN TRAVEL A
GREAT DISTANCE, FORMING A THIN SHEET.
2. LAVA WITH HIGH SILICA CONTENT IS
TOO VISCOUS TO TRAVEL FAR, AND
TENDS TO BREAK UP AS IT FLOWS.
3. LAVA WITH LOW AMOUNT OF GAS AND
HIGH SILICA CONTENT IS VERY VISCOUS
AND DOES NOT FLOW OUT AT ALL AS IT
RISES FORMING A COLUMNAR PLUG IN THE
VENT
4. LAVA WITH LOW AMOUNT OF GAS AS IT
RISES HAS HIGH VISCOSITY THAT IT PILES
UP AT A VENT RESULTING INTO A DOME.
 HOW DO VOLCANOES ERUPT?
VOLCANOES ERUPT WHEN MOLTEN ROCK CALLED MAGMA RISES TO THE SURFACE.
MAGMA IS FORMED WHEN THE EARTH'S MANTLE MELTS. MELTING MAY HAPPEN
WHERE TECTONIC PLATES ARE PULLING APART OR WHERE ONE PLATE IS PUSHED
DOWN UNDER ANOTHER. MAGMA IS LIGHTER THAN ROCK SO RISES TOWARDS THE
EARTH'S SURFACE. AS THE MAGMA RISES, BUBBLES OF GAS FORM INSIDE IT.
RUNNY MAGMA ERUPTS THROUGH OPENINGS OR VENTS IN THE EARTH'S CRUST
BEFORE FLOWING ONTO ITS SURFACE AS LAVA. IF MAGMA IS THICK, GAS BUBBLES
CANNOT EASILY ESCAPE AND PRESSURE BUILDS UP AS THE MAGMA RISES. WHEN
THE PRESSURE IS TOO MUCH AN EXPLOSIVE ERUPTION CAN HAPPEN, WHICH CAN
BE DANGEROUS AND DESTRUCTIVE.
THEY ARE GENERALLY CLASSIFIED AS WET OR DRY
DEPENDING ON THE MAGMA’S WATER CONTENT.
VOLCANOES ARE DESCRIBED ACCORDING TO THE STYLE OF
ERUPTION AS FOLLOWS:
1. PHREATIC OR HYDROTHERMAL
2. PHREATOMAGMATIC
3. STROMBOLIAN
4. VULCANIAN
5. PLINIAN
 A. PHREATIC OR HYDROTHERMAL
A PHREATIC ERUPTION, ALSO CALLED A PHREATIC
EXPLOSION, ULTRAVULCANIAN ERUPTION OR STEAM-BLAST ERUPTION,
OCCURS WHEN MAGMA HEATS GROUND OR SURFACE WATER. THE
EXTREME TEMPERATURE OF THE MAGMA (ANYWHERE FROM 500 TO
1,170 °C (932 TO 2,138 °F)) CAUSES NEAR-INSTANTANEOUS
EVAPORATION TO STEAM, RESULTING IN AN EXPLOSION OF STEAM,
WATER, ASH, ROCK, AND VOLCANIC BOMBS. IT IS BELIEVED THAT
THE 1883 ERUPTION OF KRAKATOA, WHICH OBLITERATED MOST OF THE
VOLCANIC ISLAND AND CREATED THE LOUDEST SOUND IN RECORDED
HISTORY, WAS A PHREATIC EVENT.
 B. PHREATOMAGMATIC
PHREATOMAGMATIC ERUPTIONS ARE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
RESULTING FROM INTERACTION BETWEEN MAGMA AND WATER.
THEY DIFFER FROM EXCLUSIVELY MAGMATIC ERUPTIONS AND
PHREATIC ERUPTIONS. UNLIKE PHREATIC ERUPTIONS, THE
PRODUCTS OF PHREATOMAGMATIC ERUPTIONS
CONTAIN JUVENILE (MAGMATIC) CLASTS. IT IS COMMON FOR A
LARGE EXPLOSIVE ERUPTION TO HAVE MAGMATIC AND
PHREATOMAGMATIC COMPONENTS.
 C. STROMBOLIAN
A STROMBOLIAN ERUPTION IS A TYPE OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
WITH RELATIVELY MILD BLASTS, HAVING A VOLCANIC
EXPLOSIVITY INDEX OF ABOUT 1 TO 3. STROMBOLIAN
ERUPTIONS CONSIST OF EJECTION OF INCANDESCENT
CINDERS, LAPILLI, AND LAVA BOMBS, TO ALTITUDES OF TENS TO
A FEW HUNDREDS OF METRES. THE ERUPTIONS ARE SMALL TO
MEDIUM IN VOLUME, WITH SPORADIC VIOLENCE. THIS TYPE OF
ERUPTION IS NAMED FOR THE ITALIAN VOLCANO STROMBOLI.
THE ROMANS REFERRED TO STROMBOLI AS THE "LIGHTHOUSE
OF THE MEDITERRANEAN".
 D. VULCANIAN
A VULCANIAN ERUPTION IS A TYPE OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION CHARACTERIZED BY A DENSE
CLOUD OF ASH-LADEN GAS EXPLODING FROM THE CRATER AND RISING HIGH ABOVE THE
PEAK. THEY USUALLY COMMENCE WITH PHREATOMAGMATIC ERUPTIONS WHICH CAN BE
EXTREMELY NOISY DUE THE RISING MAGMA HEATING WATER IN THE GROUND. THIS IS
USUALLY FOLLOWED BY THE EXPLOSIVE CLEARING OF THE VENT AND THE ERUPTION COLUMN
IS DIRTY GREY TO BLACK AS OLD WEATHERED ROCKS ARE BLASTED OUT OF THE VENT. AS
THE VENT CLEARS, FURTHER ASH CLOUDS BECOME GREY-WHITE AND CREAMY IN COLOUR,
WITH CONVOLUTIONS OF THE ASH SIMILAR TO THOSE OF PLINIAN ERUPTIONS.
 E. PLINIAN
PLINIAN ERUPTIONS OR VESUVIAN ERUPTIONS THE LARGEST AND MOST
VIOLENT OF ALL THE TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ARE PLINIAN ERUPTIONS.
THEY ARE CAUSED BY THE FRAGMENTATION OF GASSY MAGMA, AND ARE
USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH VERY VISCOUS MAGMAS (DACITE AND RHYOLITE).
THEY RELEASE ENORMOUS AMOUNTS OF ENERGY AND CREATE ERUPTION
COLUMNS OF GAS AND ASH THAT CAN RISE UP TO 50 KM (35 MILES) HIGH AT
SPEEDS OF HUNDREDS OF METERS PER SECOND. , A ROMAN HISTORIAN, MADE
THE COMPARISON WHILE VIEWING THE 79 AD ERUPTION
OF MOUNT VESUVIUS, AND PLINIAN
 EXPLOSIVE ERUPTION
EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS OCCUR WHERE COOLER, MORE VISCOUS MAGMAS
(SUCH AS ANDESITE) REACH THE SURFACE. DISSOLVED GASES CANNOT
ESCAPE AS EASILY, SO PRESSURE MAY BUILD UP UNTIL GAS EXPLOSIONS
BLAST ROCK AND LAVA FRAGMENTS INTO THE AIR!
LAVA FLOWS ARE MUCH MORE THICK AND STICKY
SO DO NOT FLOW DOWNHILL AS EASILY. THESE
ERUPTIONS BUILD UP MORE STEEPLY-SLOPING
COMPOSITE VOLCANOES LIKE THIS ONE IN CHILE
 QUITE ERUPTION
ERUPTIONS OCCUR WHEN PRESSURE INSIDE THE
VOLCANO INCREASES, CAUSING ITS MOLTEN LIQUID ROCK TO SHIFT
AND RELEASE ITS ENERGY. TECHNICALLY SPEAKING, “QUIET”
ERUPTIONS ARE KNOWN AS EFFUSIVE ERUPTIONS. THESE RELATIVELY
TAME ERUPTIONS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY AN
OUTPOURING OF THIN, LIQUID-LIKE LAVA,
AS SEEN WITH MANY HAWAIIAN VOLCANOES.