Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 11 Intermolecular Forces
Chapter 11 Intermolecular Forces
1
Intermolecular Forces: (inter = between) between molecules
and the temperature (kinetic energy) of the molecules.
What determines if a
substance is a solid,
liquid, or gas?
2
3
Gases: The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules
is much larger than the average energy of the
attractions between them.
5
Types of intermolecular forces (between neutral molecules):
+
..
S ..
dipole-dipole attraction
O O
.. :
- -
+
..
S ..
O O
.. :
- -
What effect does this attraction have on the boiling point?
6
Polar molecules have
dipole-dipole attractions for
one another.
+HCl----- +HCl-
dipole-dipole attraction
7
Types of intermolecular forces (between neutral molecules):
Hydrogen bonding
8
Hydrogen bonding is a weak to moderate attractive force
that exists between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded
to a very small and highly electronegative atom and a
lone pair of electrons on another small, electronegative
atom (F, O, or N).
9
10
Boiling points versus molecular mass
100
-100
0
Boiling Pt (Celcius)
0 50 100 150
-20 SbH3
NH3
-40
-60
AsH3
-80
PH3
-100
Molecular Weight (g/mol)
12
Now let’s look at HF, HCl, HBr, and HI
40 HF
Boiling Pt (Celcius)
20
0 SbH3
-20 0 50 100 150
NH3
-40 HI
AsH3
-60
-80 HBr
HCl
-100 PH3
Molecular Weight (g/mol)
13
Types of intermolecular forces (between neutral molecules):
- + - +
15
Halogen Boiling Pt Noble Gas Boiling Pt
(K) (K)
F2 85.1 He 4.6
I2 457.6 Kr 120.9
18
Metallic bonding: “sea of electrons”
Cu atoms
19
Metallic Bonding: “sea of e-’s”
20
Covalent Network: (diamonds, quartz) very strong.
1.42 Å
1.54 Å
3.35 Å
24
C-C-C-C C
C C-C-C
C
iso-pentane
neo-pentane
Hvap=24.7 kJ/mol
Hvap=22.8 kJ/mol
n-pentane
Hvap=25.8 kJ/mol
London and “Tangling”
25
Structure effects on boiling points
26
Ion-dipole interactions: such as a salt dissolved in water
cation
polar molecule
anion
27
28
Phase changes:
29
Energy changes accompanying phase changes
30
Heating curve for 1 gram of water
31
Heating curve for 1 gram of water
Hvap=2260 J/g
Hfus=334 J/g
35
VAPOR PRESSURE CURVES
A liquid boils when its vapor pressure =‘s the external pressure.
36
normal boiling point is the temperature at which a
liquid boils under one atm of pressure.
pressure = 1 atm
liquid
BOILING
37
PHASE DIAGRAMS: (Temperature vs. Pressure)
38
H2O CO2
40
unit cells:
contains 1 atom contains 2 atoms
41
42
43
44
45