Inferential Statistics

Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variation
Measures of Position
Inferential Statistics
 Why groups are different?
 Why one group behaves differently from the other?
 Is one group really performing better than the
other?
 Why the sample is different from the population?

Finding out which is REALITY and which is

COINCIDENCE.
Test of Significance
The methods of inference used to support or reject
claims based on sample data.

“Significant”
Important (English)
Probably True (Statistics)

“Highly Significant”
Highly Important (English)
Very Probably True (Statistics)
 Group A 85
 Group B 90

 In Favor 40%
 Not In Favor 47%
 Undecided 13%
Hypothesis
 An educated guess about population parameter
 An assumption about the population parameter
 Examples
 I assume the mean GPA of this class is 90.
 I believe there is a significant difference on the
performance in the test between 10-11 and 10-12.
 The number of male smokers is significantly higher
than the number of female smokers.
Hypothesis Testing
 This is the process of making an inference
generalization on population parameters based on the
result of the study on samples.
 A procedure for deciding if the null hypothesis should
be rejected in favor of an alternative hypothesis, or will
not be rejected.
Statistical Hypotheses
 It is a guess or prediction made by the researcher
regarding the possible outcome of the study.
 Two Types
 Null Hypothesis (Ho)
 Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
Null Hypothesis (Ho)
 It represents a theory that has been put forward, either
because it is believed to be true or because it is to be
used as a basis for argument, but has not been proven.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
 A statement of what a statistical hypothesis test is set
up to establish. It challenges Ho, and usually
represents the idea which the researcher wants to
posses.
Types of Hypothesis Test
 The type of hypotheses test is determined by the
alternative hypothesis depending upon the problem.
 One-sided (one-tail left or right or right directional)
 Two-sided (two-tail non directional)
One-tail Left or Right Test
 Used if Ha claims that a parameter is smaller/greater
than the value given by the null hypothesis.
Two-tail Test
 Claims that the parameter is simply not equal to the
value given by the null hypothesis, thus, the direction
does not matter.
 An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Online Learning
 Problem: The researcher wants to know if online
learning has significantly increased the average GPA
(Grade Point Average) of students in XYZ College from
the known GPA which is 80. The GPA of 200 randomly
selected students was found to be 83.
Decisions
 Reject the Ho (reject Ho in favor of Ha)
 Fail to reject the Ho (do not reject Ho)
Never Say
 Reject Ha
 Accept Ha
Level of Significance
 The maximum allowable probability of
making a type 1 error.
 Symbolized by alpha
 Set by the researcher at the beginning
of research
 Typical values of alpha are .05 and .01
 Null Hypothesis:
Accused is NOT GUILTY
 Type 1 Error (rejecting a true Ho)
 If the court convicts the accused, when in
fact he/she is not guilty. The court commits
a Type 1 Error.
 Type 2 Error (Accepting a false Ho)
 If the court acquits the accused, when in fact
he/she is guilty. The court commits a type 2
error.
 Level of Significance is the
probability of committing a
Type 1 Error, this is to Reject or
Not to Reject Ho and in short, it
is the area of rejection region.
Significance Level
 α = .05
 The probability of being right is 95% and
the probability of being wrong is 5%.
 α = .01
 The probability of being right is 99% and
the probability of being wrong is 1%.
T-test
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for
Means
t-Test: Two Sample Assuming
Equal Variances
t-Test: Two Sample Assuming
Unequal Variances
T-test
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for
Means
 Dependent/Correlated Samples
 Before and After
 Pre-Test and Post Test
T-test
t-Test: Two Sample Assuming
Equal Variances
 Independent Samples
 Equal sample sizes (n)
T-test
t-Test: Two Sample Assuming
Unequal Variances
 Independent Samples
 Unequal sample sizes (n)
Problem 1
 A teacher wanted to find out if the Team Based
Instruction (TBI) method of teaching Statistics is
more effective than the Individually Guided
Instruction (IGI) method. Two classes of
approximately equal intelligence were selected. From
one class, she considered 15 students with whom he
used TBI method of teaching and from the other class,
she considered 14 students with whom she used the
IGI method. After several sessions, a 30-item test was
given. The scores are shown in the table below.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
TBI 30 28 29 20 18 19 16 27 22 24 26 28 30 29 18
IGI 25 27 20 30 16 21 15 25 28 21 19 17 18 13
p-Value Approach
 Ho : The Team Based Instruction method of teaching
Statistics is as effective as the Individually Guided
Instruction Method.
 Ha: The Team Based Instruction method of teaching
Statistics is more effective than the Individually
Guided Instruction Method
 α = 0.05; one tailed; p-value = 0.051166
 Decision rule: reject Ho if p-value < α
 Decision: Do not reject Ho, because p-Value (0.051166)
> α(.05)
 Conclusion: I therefore conclude that the Team Based
Instruction method of teaching Statistics is as effective
as the Individually Guided Instruction Method.
 Problem 2
 The following are the weights in pounds of 16
individuals before and after three months of taking
fruit diet.
243 179 201 165 183 153 170 200 180 212 169 178 209 158 192 144

231 173 199 162 179 152 164 180 177 207 170 171 196 159 190 140