Prepared by :

Prof. Vineet Kothari

Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
What is Foundation ?

 Lowest part of a structure directly in contact with the ground and transmits all
the loads to the sub-soil below it.

 Majority of structure fails due to failure of their foundation

PURPOSE
 To support structure
 Distributes the loads over a larger area
 Minimizes the differential settlements
 Increases stability & prevents overturning
 Distribute non-uniform load uniformly to the soil

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Foundation and Footing are same?
•Foundation: Part of the structure which is in direct contact with the
ground to which the loads are transmitted.

•Footing: Lower most portion of foundation which is in direct

contact with the sub soil is called footing.

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TYPES OF FOUNDATION

FOUNDATIONS

SHALLOW DEEP
FOUNDATION FOUNDATIONS
D≤B D>B

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 SUITABILITY OF FOUNDATION
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Bearing capacity of soil is more.
ground water table(W.T) is low.
dewatering of foundation is not required.
top layers of soil are uniform and stable.
Load on the structure is less.

DEEP FOUNDATION
 Bearing capacity of soil is low.
 ground water table(W.T) is high.
 dewatering of foundation is costly and difficult.
 top layers of soil are non uniform and unstable.
 Load on the structure is more.
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 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

1) SPREAD FOOTING
i) Continuous footing (strip or wall)
ii) Isolated column footing a) Square
b) Circular
c) Rectangular
iii) Inverted arch footing
iv) Reinforced concrete footings
2) STRAP FOOTING
3) COMBINED FOOTING
i) Rectangular
ii) Trapezoidal
4) RAFT FOUNDATION
5) GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
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1) SPREAD FOOTING
Carries a single column
Used to spread out loads from walls of columns over a
wider area
Consists of concrete slabs located under each structural
column and a continuous slab under load-bearing walls.
Commonly used due to their low cost & ease of
construction.
Used in small to medium size structures with moderate to
good soil condition.
For high rise buildings it is not efficient.

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 Wall Footing

Simple wall footing Wall footing with

without masonry offsets (Stepped
masonry offsets wall footing)
(SBC is high) (SBC is low)

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 STRIP/WALL FOOTING

 A spread footing for a continuous wall is called strip footing. (Used to support
load bearing walls)

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 Inverted Arch footing

 Used on soft soils to reduce depth of foundation.

 End columns must be strong to resist outward pressure caused by arch
action.
 The advantage of inverted arch construction is that in soft soils the
depth of foundation is greatly reduced.

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 REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTING

o Used where the columns are subjected to heavy loads &

soil bearing capacity is low
o In such cases it is desirable to provide reinforced
concrete footing below the wall.
o This appreciably reduces the volume of masonry work in
footing and depth of bed concrete and as such proves to
be economical.
o A 7 to 8 cm. thick bed of lean concrete is provided below
the reinforced concrete footing to perform the function of
concrete bed block.

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 Reinforced Concrete Footing

 (i) Individual footings (isolated footing)

 (ii) Combined footings (combination of individual footings
 (iii) Cantilever/Strap Footing.
 (iv) Raft foundation
 (v) Grillage Foundation

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 1) ISOLATED COLUMN FOOTING
 Used to support individual columns.

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2) COMBINED FOOTING
 Supports two columns
 the two columns are so close to each other that their individual footings
would overlap
 one column is placed right at the property line
 C.G. of column load and centroid of the footing should coincide

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 COMBINED FOOTING
 Rectangular footing  Trapezoidal footing

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A combined footing will deform as shown in fig below

 The eccentric loading condition upon the left end, due to the
restrictions of a property line, will generate tensile stresses on the top
of the footing.

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3) CANTILEVER/STRAP FOOTING

 Two isolated footings connected with a strap or beam

 Connects in such a way that they behave as one unit
 The strap acts as a connecting beam and does not take any soil reaction. The
strap is designed as rigid beam.
 It does not provide bearing

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 to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an interior column.
 Used to transmit the moment caused from an eccentricity to the interior
 Can be used instead of combined footing if the distance between two
columns is large
 More economical than combined footings

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4) RAFT FOUNDATION

 Large reinforced concrete slab supporting no. of columns & walls

 area of spread footings or combined footings exceeds about 50 percent of the
gross area of the building
 Greater weight & continuity of a mat provides sufficient resistance

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 RAFT / MAT FOUNDATION

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 RAFT / MAT FOUNDATION

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 Raft/Mat Foundation is suitable under following conditions

 Structural loads are heavy or the soil condition is poor

 Soft or loose soils having less bearing capacity
 Foundation soil is non-homogeneous and prone to
excessive differential settlements
 Lateral loads are non-uniform
 Columns are so close that their individual footings would
overlap
 To resist water pressures when groundwater extends
above the floor level of the lowest basement of a building
 There is a large variation in the loads on individual columns

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5) GRILLAGE FOUNDATION

 Used to transmit heavy loads from steel columns to a soil having low bearing
capacity
 Avoids deep excavation
 Reduces pressure intensity
 Lighter & economical
 Used in masonry bridge seat, bus stands, railways etc
 Made up of a rolled steel joints (RSJ) known as grillage beams

Types of Grillage foundation

 Steel grillage foundation
 Timber grillage foundation

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 A type of foundation often used at the base of a column. It
consists of one, two or more tiers of steel beams
superimposed on a layer of concrete, adjacent tiers being
placed at right angles to each other, while all tiers are
encased in concrete.
 This is dependable foundation and is used in those place
where the load of the structure is pretty and bearing
capacity of soil comparatively poor
 The grillage foundation helps in distributing the load over a
wider area of subsoil.
 The grillage foundation helps in avoiding deep excavations as
the necessary base area is provided for the load of
transmission
 This type of foundation generally used for heavy structure
columns piers and steel stanchions etc.

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 GRILLAGE FOUNDATION

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 Steel Grillage foundation

 Consists of rolled steel joists in

single or double tiers

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 Timber Grillage foundation

 Uses timber planks & timber

beams
 No concrete is embedded
between the timber joists
 Used in waterlogged areas

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 Grillage foundation for Wooden/Timber Post

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SHALLOW FOUNDATION

Advantages:
a) Cost (affordable)
b) Construction Procedure (simple)
c) Material (mostly concrete)
d) Labour (doesn’t need expertise)

Disadvantages:
a) Settlement
b) Foundation gets subjected to pullout, torsion etc
c) Irregular ground surface(slope, retaining wall)

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 TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION

1) PILE FOUNDATION
2) CAISSONS OR WELL FOUNDATION
3) COFFER DAMS

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 1) Pile foundation

•Pile: Column-like foundations going deep into the subsoil.

•Piles are structural members that are made of steel, concrete or

timber.

•Preferred:

i)When soil bearing capacity is poor.

ii) Non availability of proper bearing strata at shallow depth.
iii) pumping of sub soil water would be too costly.
iv)Heavy loads from super structure for which shallow foundation
will be uneconomical.

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 1) Pile foundation

Classification of pile foundation

• Based on function:
-End bearing:Transfer load to through soil or water…
-Friction:Transfer load by means of skin friction…
-Compaction: Compacting loose granular material and
thus increasing SBC…
-Tension(uplift): Anchor down the structures subjected to
uplift due to hydraulic pressure or due to
overturning…

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 1) Pile foundation

Classification of pile foundation

-Anchor: Provide anchorage against horizontal pull…

-Fender and dolphins: Protect against impact from ships.

-Sheet: To reduce seepage and uplift under hydraulic

structures like dams…

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Under reamed piles

 Under reamed piles are bored cast-in-situ concrete piles

having one or more number of bulbs formed by enlarging the
pile stem.

 These piles are best suited in soils where considerable

ground movements occur due to seasonal variations, filled
up grounds or in soft soil strata.

 Provision of under reamed bulbs has the advantage of

increasing the bearing and uplift capacities. It also provides
better anchorage at greater depths.

 These piles are efficiently used in machine foundations, over

bridges, electrical transmission tower foundation sand water
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1) Caissons

o The word caissons derived from the French word caisse meaning a box
o Box like structure, round or rectangular which sunk from the surface of
either land or water to some desired depth
o Used for placing foundation under water

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 Types of Caissons

Box caisson Open caisson or wells Pneumatic caisson

(open at top (open at top and bottom) (closed at top and
and closed at open at bottom)
bottom)

Single, Multiple and Cylinder

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 Box caissons
o Strong water tight vessel
o Built on land and floated up to site and then sink in to the water
oUsed when loads are not heavy
o Bearing stratum is available at shallow depth
oWater depth is 6 to 8 m
o Foundation bed not required
oMaterial is loose

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 Open or Well caissons
( Well Foundation)
o Used for buildings and bridge where soil liable to scour
o No firm bed is available

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 Pneumatic caissons

o It is useful when well foundation is not possible

o Depth of water 12 to 35 m

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1) Cofferdams

o Cofferdam is a temporary structure which is built in a river, lake or dam

to remove water from the area and make possible to construct
o Require in dams, docks and bridge pier

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 Types of Cofferdams
1. Earth fill cofferdam

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2. Rock fill cofferdam

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3. Rock fill crib cofferdam

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4. Single wall cofferdam

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5. Double wall cofferdam

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6. Cellular cofferdam

o Mostly used for de-watering areas in places where depth of water is from
18 to 21 m
o Two types 1. Diaphragm cellular cofferdam
2. Circular cellular cofferdam

Circular cellular cofferdam

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 Diaphragm cellular cofferdam
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 Difference between caisson and cofferdam
CAISSON
o Permanent structure used
for placing foundation in
correct position
o It is build on dry bed,
floated to the desired site
and sunk to desired depth
o Preferred when work area
is small and water depth
is more
o Used where driving of
sheet pile is impossible
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COFFERDAM
o Temporary structure used
for construction work under
reasonably dry condition and
demolished after completion of
work
o It is build in river or lake
o Preferred when work area is
large and water depth is small
o Used where driving of sheet
pile is easily possible
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 FOUNDATION IN BLACK COTTON SOIL

o Black cotton soil is very dangerous to place foundation and bearing capacity
is about 50 to 100 kn/m2
o Variation in the volume change of soil extent from 20 to 30 % of original
volume
o Alternate swelling and shrinkage results in formation of cracks which are of
15 to 20 cm wide and 2.5 to 4 m deep

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Types of Foundation in black cotton soil
1. Strip (wall) or pad (column) foundation
o Suitable when load is medium and swelling pressure is little

Foundation in black cotton soil

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o Suitable when swelling pressure is high and having high shrinkage
properties
o Used at place where high rainfall

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2. Pier Foundation
o Suitable foe wall carrying higher load
o Gap between arch and ground would permit free vertical movement of soil
during swelling and shrinkage

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 Precaution For The Safety of Foundation In Black Cotton Soil

o For heavy structure raft or pile foundation is preferable

o If possible remove black cotton soil
o Construction work should be carried out in dry season
o Black cotton soil not allowed to come in direct contact with the foundation
o R.C.C. bands 10 to 15 cm deep should placed at plinth, lintel level
o Gap on either side of foundation should filled with sand
o Below foundation, 30 cm thick layer of moorum must provided

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FACTORS AFFECTING FOUNDATION SELECTION
PRIMARY FACTORS AFFECTING FOUNDATION CHOICE:
 Sub-surface soil

 Ground water table conditions

 Type of structure

 Magnitude of load

SECONDARY FACTORS AFFECTING FOUNDATION CHOICE:

 Construction access, methods and site conditions

 Environmental factors

 Building Codes and Regulations

 Impact on surrounding structures

 Construction schedule

 Construction risks

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 GROUND WATER TABLE CONDITIONS

Presence of groundwater near a footing is undesirable

because:
 Footing construction below GWT is difficult and expensive,

 Groundwater around a footing can reduce the strength of soils,

 It may also cause hydrostatic uplift,

 Frost action may increase,

 Waterproofing problems.

 If Ground water table is high, raft or grillage foundation is

desirable.
 If ground water table is low or at a high depth from foundation
than column foundation is desirable.

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SUBSURFACE CONDITION AND BUILDING STRUCTURAL
REQUIREMENTS

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