Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)
are a group of conditions that can occur in a person
whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These
effects can include physical problems and problems with
behavior and learning. Often, a person with an FASD has a
mix of these problems.
 etiology
FASDs are caused by a woman
drinking alcohol during pregnancy.
FASDs are preventable if a woman does not drink
alcohol during pregnancy.
Fetal death is the most extreme outcome from
drinking alcohol during pregnancy.
❏ Abnormal facial features, such
as a smooth ridge between the
nose and upper lip
❏ Small head size
❏ Shorter-than-average height
❏ Low body weight
❏ Poor coordination
❏ Hyperactive behavior
❏ Difficulty with attention and
memory
manifestations
❏ Learning disabilities and
difficulty in school
❏ Speech and language delays
❏ Intellectual disability or low IQ
❏ Poor reasoning and judgment
skills
❏ Sleep and sucking problems as a
baby
❏ Vision or hearing problems
❏ Problems with the heart, kidneys,
or bones
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
is the most serious type of FASD.

People with fetal alcohol syndrome have facial

abnormalities, including wide-set and narrow
eyes, growth problems and nervous system
abnormalities.
medical
Stimulants to treat lack of focus, hyperactivity, and behavioral problems
Antidepressants to treat problems with sadness and negativity
Neuroleptics to treat problems with sadness and negativity
Anti-Anxiety to treat anxiety

management
nursing
management
Provide emotional support and acceptance
Educate family about the disease condition
Encourage expression of feelings
Advise support groups and behavioral therapy
Have consistent follow-ups with the doctor
Use positive reinforcement
Delirium
Delirium
Delirium
Delirium
Delirium
is a syndrome that involves a disturbance
of consciousness accompanied by a change in
cognition.
Cause
Cause Almost always due to an
identifiable physiologic,
Cause metabolic, or cerebral
Cause disturbance or disease
Cause or to drug intoxication or
withdrawal
Cause
PHYSIOLOGIC INFECTION
hypoxemia, electrolyte disturbance,
renal or hepatic failure,
dehydration, sleep deprivation, sepsis, urinary tract infection,
cardiovascular shock, pneumonia, meningitis,
brain tumor, head injury, encephalitis, HIV, syphilis
exposure to gasoline,
insecticides
DRUG

anticholinergics, lithium, alcohol,

sedatives, hypnotics, reactions to
anesthesia, prescription medication,
illicit street drugs
 May have anxiety, fear, euphoria, or apathy

Manifestations
Manifestations
Disoriented
Assessment
Assessment
History
medical illness, alcohol, illicit drugs,
prescribed medications, over-the-
counter medications
Assessment
Assessment
Appearance
restless, hyperactive, sluggish and
lethargic, difficult to understand,
rambling or pressured speech, rapid,
forced, and louder
Assessment
Assessment
Mood & Affect
rapid, unpredictable mood shifts,
anxiety, fear, anger, euphoria,
apathy
Assessment
Assessment
Thought Process
thought are often unrelated to the
situation, speech is illogical and difficult;
disorganized, make no sense, fragmented
thoughts, delusional thinking
Assessment
Assessment
Sensorium
the primary, initial sign of delirium is an
altered level of consciousness
disoriented to time and place, easily
distracted by noises, impaired recent
memory, misinterpretations, illusions,
and hallucinations
Assessment
Assessment
Judgement and Insights

judgement is impaired
Assessment
Assessment
Roles and Relationships
unlikely to fulfill their roles during the
course of the delirium,
but most regain their previous
functioning and have no longstanding
problems
Assessment
Assessment
Self-Care Considerations
difficulty falling asleep, daytime
sleepiness, nighttime agitation, ignores
internal body cues such as hunger,
thirst, or urge to urinate or defecate
Medical
Medical Mgmt.
Mgmt.
Quiet, hypoactive delirium

No specific pharmacological treatment.

Medical
Medical Mgmt.
Mgmt.
Persistent psychomotor agitation,
to prevent inadvertent self-injury

Sedatives
Medical
Medical Mgmt.
Mgmt.
To decrease agitation

Antipsychotics
Medical
Medical Mgmt.
Mgmt.
Sedatives and Benzodiazepines
are avoided, they may worsen
the delirium.
Medical
Medical Mgmt.
Mgmt.
Sedatives and Benzodiazepines are
avoided, they may worsen the
delirium.

However, Benzodiazepines are

exempted in delirium induced by
alcohol withdrawal.
Nursing Management
1. Teach client to request assistance for
activities.
2. Provide close supervision.
3. Promptly respond to the client’s calls.

Promote client’s safety.

Nursing Management
1. Speak in a calm manner, in a clear low,
voice using simple sentences.
2. Allow time for patient to comprehend and
respond.
3. Use supportive touch if appropriate.

Manage client’s confusion

Nursing Management
1. Keep noise to a minimum.
2. Monitor response to visitors.
3. Validate patient’s anxiety and fears,
do not reinforce misperceptions.

Control environment to reduce sensory overload.

Nursing Management
1. Discourage daytime napping.
2. Encourage exercise during the day.
3. Provide prompts to eat and drink
adequate amounts.

Promote sleep and proper nutrition.

Goals of Treatment
1. Patient will be free from injury.
2. Patient will demonstrate increased orientation
and reality contact.
3. Patient will maintain adequate balance of activity
and rest.
4. Patient will maintain adequate nutrition and fluid
balance.
5. Patient will return to optimal level of functioning.
NANDA
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