DE LA PENA | MAPA

EDUCTION

• Is the formulation of a new proposition by

the interchange of the subject and the
predicate of an original proposition and/or
by the use or removal of negatives.
 CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION

• A proposition that relates two classes, or categories

• The classes in question are denoted respectively by

the subjective term and predicate term and the
proposition asserts that either all or part of the class
denoted by the subjective term is included or
excluded from the class denoted by the predicate
term.
 American idols contestant hope for recognition

EXAMPLES Junk foods do not belong in school cafeterias

Not all romances have happy ending.

 TYPES OF CATEGORICAL COMPOSITION

whole subject is including in Part of the subject is included

the predicate class in the predicate class

whole subject is excluded in Part of the subject is excluded

the predicate class in the predicate class
 STANDARD-FORM
CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION

• A categorical proposition that

expresses relations with
complete clarity
KINDS OF FORMAL EDUCTION:

1. CONVERSION

• Simple Conversion
• Partial Conversion

2. OBVERSION
 CONVERSION

• It is the formulation of a new proposition by interchanging the

subject and predicate of an original proposition but leaving its
quality unchanged.
• It consist of switching the subject term with the predicate
term.

• For example, if the statement “No foxes are hedgehogs” is

converted, the result statement is “No hedgehogs are foxes”
 Interchange the subject and the predicate.

RULES FOR Retain the quality.

CONVERSION

Do not extend any term.

 A. SIMPLE CONVERSION

• The conversion is simple if the quantity of the converse is the

same as the quantity of the convertend. (E-E) (I-I)

EXAMPLES:
• E- No cat is a dog.
• E- No dog is a cat.
• I- Some students are scholars.
• I- Some scholars are students.
 B. PARTIAL CONVERSION

• The conversion is partial if the quantity of the

proposition is reduced from universal to
particular. (A to I)

EXAMPLES:
• A- All bananas are fruits.
• I- Some fruits are bananas.
EXAMPLE
 EXAMPLE

All A are B Therefore, all A are B

Some A are B Therefore some B are not A

 OBVERSION

• It is the formulation of a new proposition by retaining the

subject and quantity of an original proposition, changing its
quality, and using as predicate the contradictory of the
original predicate.

• (A to E) (E to A)
• (I to O) (O to I)
 Retain the subject and quantity of the
obvertend.

Change the quality. If the obvertend is

RULES FOR affirmative, the obverse must be negative;
OBVERSION and if the obvertend is negative to
obverse must be affirmative.

As predicate, use the contradictory predicate

of the original proposition.
 EXAMPLES

A- All men are free.

E- No men are non-free.
I- Some men are dishonest.
E- No men are free.
O- Some men are not honest.
A- All men are non-free.
O- Some houses are not white.
I- Some houses are non-white.
 OBVERSION
• More complicated than conversion
requires two steps:
(1) without changing the quantity
(2) replacing the predicate with its
term compliment

• Requires understanding of the

concept class complement
CLASS COMPLEMENT

• The complement of the class is the group

consisting everything outside the class.

• For example, the complement of the class of

dogs is the group that includes everything
that is not a dog (e.g., cats, fish, duck, etc.)
 • Is the word or
TERM COMPLEMENT group of words
that denotes class
complement.

• Usually, formed by
simply attaching
prefix “non” to
the term.
First, we change the quality
(without changing the quantity),
and then we replace predicated
term with its term compliment.

For example:
“All horses are animals”
Obverse:
“No horses are non-animals”
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