QA/QC Department

I. Training Objectives
II. Terms & Definitions
III. Codes & Standards/Specifications
References
IV. Equipment/Materials
V. Procedure
VI. Documents and Records

QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
Provide knowledge on method and good
practice in conducting Magnetic Particle
Examination for both Quality Control Personnel and
FOG Direct Supervision.
Be able to know the application of Magnetic
Particle Examination.
Be familiar with the term “Magnetic Examination”
types.
Be able to know the documentation and
records required after application of MPE.

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QA/QC Department
The development and application of technical
methods to examine materials and/or components
in ways that do not impair future usefulness and
serviceability in order to detect, locate, measure,
interpret, and evaluate flaws.

A nondestructive test method utilizing magnetic

leakage fields and suitable indicating materials to
disclose surface and near-surface discontinuity
indications.

QA/QC Department
The appearance of the surface of the test part
against which indications are viewed.

The magnetization in a part resulting from current

passed directly through the part or through a
central conductor.

A method of magnetization in which part, or whole

of the component is encircled by a current-carrying
coil.

QA/QC Department
A technique of magnetization in which all, or a
portion, of he part is encircled by a current-carrying
coil.

A method wherein the indicating medium is applied

while the magnetizing force is present.

A method of magnetizing by passing a current

through a component via prods or contact heads.

QA/QC Department
The elapsed time between the application of the
developer and the examination of the part.

A technique of magnetizing in which the current is

passed through a part via prods or contact heads.

Magnetic particle inspection in which the ferro-

magnetic particles employed are in dry powder form.

All materials that can be magnetized or strongly

attracted by a magnetic field.
QA/QC Department
The space, within and surrounding a magnetized
part or a conductor carrying current, in which the
magnetic force is exerted.

The magnetic particle inspection process employing

a finely divided fluorescent ferromagnetic inspection
medium that fluoresces when activated by black
light.

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A discontinuity not open to, but lying near, the
surface of a part undergoing examination which
produces broad, fuzzy, lightly held powder patterns.

A magnet that retains a high degree of magnetization

virtually unchanged for a long period of time.

Hand-held electrodes.
Any defect that does not open onto the surface of
the part in which it exists.

A magnet that induces a magnetic field in the area

of a part that lie between its poles. Yokes may be
permanent magnets or either alternating-current
or direct current electromagnets.

QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
A 275/A 275M - Test Method for Magnetic Particle
Examination of Steel Forgings
A 456/A 456M - Specification for Magnetic Particle
Examination of Large Crankshaft
D 93 - Test Method for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Closed Tester
D 129 - Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
D 445 - Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of
of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
D 808 - Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used
Petroleum Products

QA/QC Department
D 1966 - Test Method for Foots in Raw Linseed Oil
Gravimetric Method

AMS 2300 - Premium Aircraft Quality Steel

Cleanliness Magnetic Particle Inspection
Procedure
AMS 2301 - Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness
Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
AMS 2303 - Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness
Martensitic Corrosion Resistant Steels
Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure

QA/QC Department
AS 5282 - Tool Steel Ring Standard for Magnetic
Particle Inspection
AS 5371 - Reference Standards Notched Shims for
Magnetic Particle Inspection

A-A-59230 Fluid, Magnetic Particle Inspection,

Suspension

NAS 410 - Nondestructive Testing Personnel

Qualification and Certification

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Yoke - are usually C-shaped
electromagnets w/c induce
a magnetic field between
the poles (legs) and are
used for local magnetization.

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Permanent Magnet - can lose
their magnetic field generating
capacity by being partially
demagnetized by a stronger
flux field, being damaged or
dropped.

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Prods - are used for local
magnetization. The prod
tips that contact the piece
should be aluminum,
copper braid, or copper
pads rather than solid
copper.

SINGLE - PROD CONTACT

QA/QC Department
Magnetic Particle Properties
Dry Particles Properties - In this magnetic particle
testing technique, dry particles are dusted on to
the surface of the test object as the item is
magnetized. Dry particle inspection is well suited
for the inspections conducted on rough surfaces.
When an electromagnetic yoke is used, the AC or
half wave DC current creates a pulsating magnetic
field that provides mobility to the powder. The
primary applications for dry powders are
ungrounded
welds and rough as-cast surfaces.

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Dry Particles Properties –
are not affected by cold and
may be usable at
temperatures up to 600 deg.
F (315 deg. C).

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Wet Particles Properties - More commonly known
as wet magnetic particle inspection, involves
applying the particles while they are suspended
in a liquid carrier. This type is most commonly
performed using a stationary, wet, horizontal
inspection unit but suspensions are also available
in spray cans for use with an electromagnetic yoke.
A wet inspection has several advantages over a dry
inspection. First, all of the surfaces of the
component can be quickly and easily covered with
a relatively uniform layers of particles. Second, the liquid carrier
provides mobility to the particles for
an extended period of time, which allows enough
particles to float to small leakage fields to form a
visible indication. Therefore, wet inspection is
considered best for detecting very small
discontinuities on smooth surfaces.
QA/QC Department
Advantages - The dry magnetic particle are
generally superior to the wet
technique for detection of near-
surface discontinuities.
For larger objects when using portable equipment
for local magnetization.
Superior particle mobility is obtained for relatively
deep-seated flaws half-waved rectified current as
the magnetizing source.
Ease of removal.

QA/QC Department
Disadvantages - The dry magnetic particle technique:
Cannot be used in confined areas without safety
breathing apparatus.
Can be difficult to use in overhead magnetizing
positions.
Does not always leave evidence of complete
coverage of part surface as with the wet
technique.
Is likely to have lower production rates than the
wet technique.
Is difficult to adapt to any type of automatic
system.

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Circular Magnetization
- is the term used when electric current is passed
through a part, or by use of a central conductor
through a central opening in the part.
Longitudinal Magnetization
- is the term used when a magnetic field is generated
by an electric current passing through a multi turn,
or laminated coil, w/c encloses the part to be
examined.

QA/QC Department
MPI indicates the presence of surface and near the
surface discontinuities in materials that can be
magnetized (ferromagnetic). This method can be used
for production examination of parts/components or
structures and for field applications where portability
of equipment and accessibility to the area to be
examined are factors. Making the surface smoother
improves the mobility of the magnetic particles under
the influence of the magnetic field to collect on the
surface where magnetic flux leakage occurs.

QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
 POWDER BLOWERS/HAND
WHITE COLOR POWDER APPLICATOR
POWER BRUSHING/
FLUORESCENT TYPE
AIR BLOWING
CONTRAST MAGNETIC
PRECLEAN PAINT DRY
PARTICLES
APPLICATION

POWER BRUSHING/
AIR BLOWING/SOLVENT
CLEANING
VISUAL
POST MAGNETIC YOKE/
EXAMINE PERMANENT MAGNET/
CLEAN
PRODS

QA/QC Department
 POWDER BLOWERS/HAND
WHITE COLOR POWDER APPLICATOR
POWER BRUSHING/
FLUORESCENT TYPE
AIR BLOWING
CONTRAST MAGNETIC
PRECLEAN PAINT DRY
PARTICLES
APPLICATION

POWER BRUSHING/
AIR BLOWING/SOLVENT
CLEANING VISUALLY WITH THE AID
OF BLACK LIGHT
MAGNETIC YOKE/
POST EXAMINE PERMANENT MAGNET/
CLEAN
PRODS

QA/QC Department
Simplicity of operation and application
Can be automated apart from viewing
Large surface areas of complex parts can be
inspected rapidly
Surface preparation is less critical than it is in LPE
Magnetic particle indications are produced directly
on the surface of the part and form an image of the
discontinuity
Equipment cost are relatively low

QA/QC Department
Restricted to surface or near surface flaws
Restricted to ferromagnetic materials
Proper alignment of magnetic field and defect is
critical
Large current is needed for large parts
Requires relatively smooth surface
Paint or other nonmagnetic coverings adversely
affect sensitivity
Demagnetization and post cleaning is usually
necessary

QA/QC Department
ASME B31.1 Latest Edition (Table 136.4.1)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS UNACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Surface Cracks or Linear All
Indications
Surface Undercut >1/32” (1.0 mm) deep
Porosity Rounded indications > 3/16 in. (5.0 mm)
Four or more rounded indications in a line
separated by 1/16 in.(2.0 mm) or less, edge
to edge
Ten or more rounded indications in any 6 in.²
(3,870 mm²) of surface with the major
dimension of this area not to exceed 6 in.
(150 mm) with the area taken in the most
unfavorable location relative to the
indications being evaluated
Lack of Fusion (Surface) When they are open to the surface

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ASME B31.1 Latest Edition (Table 136.4.1)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS UNACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Slag When they are open to the surface
Incomplete Penetration When they are open to the surface and
applies only when the inside surface is readily
accessible

QA/QC Department
ASME B31.3 Latest Edition (Table 341.3.2)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS UNACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Crack All

QA/QC Department
ASME Section VIII-Division I Latest Edition
(Par. 6.3 and 6.4)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS UNACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Linear Indications All
Rounded Indications > 3/16 in. (5 mm)
Four or more rounded indications in a line
separated by 1/16 in. (1.5 mm) or less (edge to
edge).

QA/QC Department
AWS D1.1/D1.1M Latest Edition (Table 6.1)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS ACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Crack Any crack shall be unacceptable, regardless
of size or location
Undercut For material less than 1 in. (25 mm) thick,
undercut shall not exceed 1/32 in. (1 mm), with
the following exception: undercut shall not
exceed 1/16 in. (2 mm) for any accumulated
length up to 2 in. (50 mm) in any 12 in. (300
mm). For material equal to or grater than 1 in.
thick, undercut shall not exceed1/16 in. (2
mm) for any length of weld.
In primary members, undercut shall be no
more than 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) deep when the
weld is transverse to tensile stress under any
design loading condition. Undercut shall be no
more than 1/32 in. (1 mm) deep for all other
cases.

QA/QC Department
AWS D1.1/D1.1M Latest Edition (Table 6.1)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS ACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Crater Cross Section All craters shall be filled to provide the
specified weld size, except for the ends of
intermittent fillet welds outside of their
effective length.
Weld/Base-Metal Fusion Thorough fusion shall exist between adjacent
layers of the weld metal and between weld
metal and base metal.
Porosity CJP groove welds in butt joints transverse to
the direction of computed tensile stress shall
have no visible piping porosity. For all other
groove welds and for fillet welds, the sum of
the visible piping porosity 1/32 in. (1 mm) or
greater in diameter shall not exceed 3/8 in. (10
mm) In any linear inch of weld and shall not
exceed ¾ in. (20 mm) in any 12 in. (300 mm)
length of weld.

QA/QC Department
AWS D1.1/D1.1M Latest Edition (Table 6.1)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS ACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
The frequency of piping porosity in fillet welds
shall not exceed one in each 4 in. (100 mm) of
weld length and the maximum diameter shall
not exceed 3/32 in. (2.5 mm). Exception: for
fillet welds connecting stiffeners to web, the
sum of the diameters of piping porosity shall
not exceed 3/8 in. (10 mm) in any linear inch
of weld and shall not exceed ¾ in. (20 mm) in
any 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld.
CJP groove welds in butt joints transverse to
the direction of computed tensile stress shall
have no piping porosity. For all other groove
welds, the frequency of piping porosity shall
not exceed one in 4 in. (100 mm) of length
and the maximum diameter shall not exceed
3/32 in. (2.5 mm).

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QA/QC Department
Reference Code(s)
Types and Methods used
Specify Line Number/Isometric
Type of Materials and Form
Equipment Used
Type of Indication
Accepted or Rejected
Personnel Qualification

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QUALITY IS A LINE FUNCTION DO IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME
DOUBLE - PROD CONTACT
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