PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC

( JJ512)
 Word from FLUID
PNEU
GREEK (wind)

Word from
MATIC POWER
GREEK

PNEUMATIC IS A SYSTEM DRIVEN BY FLUID POWER

Pneumatics is the use of gas to transmit power
from one point to another.

Derived from the Greek word ---

“Pneu” = Wind
“Matic” = Power

:- therefore, the pneumatic system may

be interpreted as a system driven by wind power.
AVAIBILITY Is available practically everywhere in unlimited quantities
TRANSPORT Can be easily transported in pipelines, even over large distances
STORAGE Can be stored in a reservoir and removed as required.
TEMPERATURE Is relatively insensitive to temperature fluctuations. This ensure
reliable operation, even under extreme conditions.
EXPLOSION PROOF No risk of explosion or fire
CLEANLINESS Unlubricated exhaust air is clean. Any unlubricated air which
escape through leaking pipes or components does not cause
contamination.
COMPONENTS The operating components are of simple construction and
therefore relatively inexpensive
SPEED Is a very fast working medium. This enables high working speeds to
be attained.
OVERLOAD SAFE Pneumatic tools and operating components can be loaded to the
point of stopping and are therefore overload safe.
 Air is easily available everywhere
 The return can be ignored
 Compressed air is able to flow quickly
through the pipes and valves
 Compressed air can be stored in jar/tank
 Pollution occurs due to leakage
 Lines are easy to install
 Compressed air offers no risk of explosion or
fire
 The air must be treated
 Leakage is disadvantageous of the constant
power loss
 At pressures above 6 bar, technical security
control is needed.
 More force is required to move the larger
diameter cylinder
 Automobile Industry
 Food Processing Industry
 Shipping Industry
 Electronics Industry
 Robotics Industry
 Expand transportation tyre
 Wrapping food process
 Spray paint
 Open and Close Door bus
 IN CARRYING AND
IN DAILY LIFE IN INDUSTRIAL
WORKING OPERATION
Air Gun Clamping Drilling

Insect Spray Shifting Turning

Jack Air Positioning Milling

Door Bus Packaging Sawing

Spray Paint Sorting of Parts Finishing

Grinder Stacking of Component Forming

 Service Control
Compressor Air dryer Air receiver Actuator
Unit Valves
 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
Compressor To gather and compress air from normal to high pressure.
Those air compressors in which successive volumes of air are
enclosed and then elevated to a higher pressure by reducing
the volume of the enclosure holding air.
Air dryer To dry the compressed air before it is provided to pneumatic
system and to avoid pneumatic components form corrosion.
Receiver To receive and keep compressed air. Receiver should be
fitted with a safety valve, pressure gauge to manage the air
pressure.
Service Unit Consist of tree components. There are filter, regulator and
lubricator. Its functions is to remove all contaminants such as
dust and rust particles from the compressed air, manage air
pressure and to extend
Directional Control Determines the flow of air between its ports by opening,
Valve closing or changing its internal connections. So directional
control valve is used to control air and cylinder direction or
movement.
Actuator To transform the potential energy of the compressed air into
mechanical work. The work done by pneumatic actuator or
rotary.
Thank you…
PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC
(JJ512)
1. PRESSURE
3 ways to measure pressure which is in kPa,
Bar and Psi unit.

1 atm (atmosfera) = 100 kPa

= 14.5 psi
= 1.0132 bar
= 100 kN/m2
 What is Boyle’s Law?
 Boyle’s Law is one of the laws in physics that
concern the behaviour of gases
 When a gas is under pressure it takes up less
space:
 The higher the pressure, the smaller the volume
 Boyles Law tells us about the relationship between
the volume of a gas and its pressure at a constant
temperature
 The law states that pressure is inversely

volume
pressure
proportional to the volume
 P1V1 = P2V2
P1 = 1/V1

P= 1 , V= 1 P= 2 , V= 1/2 P= 5 , V= 1/5
 In Newton unit
F [N] = P [N/m2] x A [m2]

 forces exerted by the actuator cylinder is not

100% because of losses due to friction that
occurs at the surface of the piston and the
cylinder surface actuators. So the effective
force will be :
Feff [N] = P x D X 7
 Dew Point is the temperature at which water vapor
in the air begins to condense to form liquid water.
 Can cause problems in a pneumatic system when
the temperature of the compressed air drops to the
dew point and the vapor condenses into liquid water
 Is basically an air pump that compresses air
into the receiver tank.
 Compress air from atmospheric pressure to a
higher pressure
 This is done by reducing the air volume
 The receiver tank acts as a pressure source
from which the system can draw as dictated
by the flow demand.
 COMPRESSOR
(PEMAMPAT)

NON-POSITIVE
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
DISPLACEMENT
(ANJAKAN POSITIVE) (DINAMIK)

CENTRIFUGAL AXIAL
RECIPROCATING ROTARY
(PEMAMPAT (PEMAMPAT
(PEMAMPAT JENIS (PEMAMPAT JENIS ALIRAN JEJARI) ALIRAN PAKSI)
SALINGAN) PUTARAN)
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
1. a given quantity of air or gas
is trapped in a compression
chamber and the volume
which it occupies is
mechanically reduced,
causing a corresponding rise
in pressure prior to discharge
2. At constant speed, the air
flow remains essentially
constant with variations in
discharge pressure
3. A type of compressor that
delivers a fixed volume of air
at high pressure
NON POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
1. Also called dynamic
compressor
2. Dynamic compressors impart
velocity energy to
continuously flowing air or gas
by means of impellers rotating
at very high speeds.
3. The velocity energy is
changed into pressure energy
both by the impellers and the
discharge volutes or diffusers
4. A type of compressor that
delivers larger volumes of air
at lower pressure.
Impeller
 DISPLACEMENT
COMPESSOR

RECIPROCATING ROTARY

VANE SCREW
PISTON DIAPHRAM
SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR
1) Single stage compressor produce one pulse of air
per piston stroke
2) As the piston moves down during the inlet stroke
opens and air is drawn into the cylinder
3) As the piston moves up the inlet valve closes and
the exhaust valve opens which allows the air to be
expelled.
4) The valves are spring loaded. The single cylinder
compressor gives significant amount of pressure
pulses at the outlet port
5) The pressure developed is about 3-40 bar
 Suction line
Discharge line

Head Discharge
valve
Valve plate Rings

Suction valve Piston

Connecting Rod Crankshaft

1. When air is compressed above 6 bar, the excessive heat
create greatly reduces the efficiency. Because of this,
piston compressors used in industrial compressed air
systems are usually two stage
2. Air is taken in at atmospheric pressure is compressed in
two stages to the final pressure
3. If the final pressure is 7 bar, the first stage normally
compresses the air to approximately 3 bar, after which
it is cooled. It is then fed into the second stage cylinder
which compresses it to 7 bar.
4. The compressed air enters the second stage cylinder at
a greatly reduced temperature after passing through
the intercooler, thus improving efficiency compared to
that of a single stage unit.
1. Diaphragm compressor provide compressed
air in the 3-5 bar range totally free of oil and
are therefore widely used by food,
pharmaceutical and similar industries.
2. The diaphragm provides a change in
chamber volume. This allows air intake in
the down stroke and compression in the up
stroke.
Diaphragm compressor
1. ROTARY SLIDING VANE COMPRESSOR

1. SCREW COMPRESSOR.
 rotor
Vane
Inlet port
Outlet port
Volume
increase
1. This has an eccentricity mounted rotor having a
series of vanes sliding in radial slots.
2. As the rotor rotates, centrifugal force holds the
vanes in contact with the stator wall and the
space between the adjacent blades decreases
from the air inlet to outlet, so compressing the
air
3. Lubrication and sealing is achieved by injecting
oil into the air stream near the inlet.
4. The oil also acts as a coolant limit the delivery
temperature.
 Volume
increase

OUTLET INLET
1. Two meshing helical rotors rotate in
opposite directions.
2. The free space between them decrease
axially in volume and this compresses the air
trapped between the rotors.
3. Oil flooding provides lubrication and sealing
between the two rotating screws.
4. Oil separators remove this oil from the
outlet air.
 The basic operating theory of dynamic
compressors is converting the kinetic energy
of high-speed air into pressure
 Dynamic compressor designs are either:
 Centrifugal
 Axial
 NON-POSITIVE/ DYNAMIC
DISPLACEMENT

1. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
D : A type of dynamic compressor that
compresses air and expels it with a centrifugal
force from a rotating wheel with radial vanes.
Centrifugal compressors are often used for fans
and cooling units.

2.AXIAL COMPRESSOR
D: The air is accelerated in the axial direction of
flow by means of blades.
 Axial-flow dynamic compressor
 AIR COMPRESSOR ACCESSORIES

For the continuing performance of control systems and working element

it is necessary to guarantee that the air supply is: at the required pressure,
dry and clean.

INPUT • Is to remove all contaminants such

STRAINER AND as dust and rust particles entering
SILENCER inlet of the air pressure
RESERVOIR
UDARA

AIR RESERVOIR • To receive and keep compressed air. INPUT

STRAINER

PRESSURE • Used to control or limit the pressure

in a system to ensure the system in
RELIEF VALVE the stable condition PRESSURE
RELIEF
VALVE
• Consist of Filter, Regulator and
SERVICE UNIT SERVIS
Lubricator. Function to regulate the
UNIT
pressure and lubricate the air.
 AIR DEHYDRATION

Lowering the temperature and drying air after the compression process

CONTROL
COMPRESSOR DRYER RECEIVER UNIT SERVICE ACTUATOR
VALVE

AFTER
AIR DRYER
COOLERS

AIR ABSORPTION DRYING

COOLED

WATER ADSORPTION DRYING

COOLED

REFRIGERANT
DRYING

MAIN LINE FILTER

1. After final compression, the air will be hot
and, when cooling, will deposit water in
considerable quantities in the air-line
system which should be avoided.
2. The most effective way to remove the major
part of this condensate is to subject the air
to after-cooling, immediately after
compression.
3. Aftercoolers are heat exchangers, being
either air cooled or water cooled
 DINGIN UDARA : Proses penyejukan
dilakukan dengan menggunakan udara
sebagai bahantara

 DINGIN AIR : Proses Penyejukan dilakukan

dengan menggunakan air sebagai bahantara.
1. Consisting of a nest of tubes through which
the compressed air flows and over which a
forced draught of cold air is passed by
means of a fan assembly.
2. The outlet temperature of the cooled
compressed air should be approximately
15 ̊c above the ambient cooling temperature
1. Essentially, a steel shell housing tubes with
water circulating on one side and air on the
other, usually arranged so that the flow is in
opposite direction through the cooler.
2. A water cooled aftercooler should ensure that
the air discharged will be approximately 10 ̊c
above the temperature of the cooling water
3. An automatic Drain attached to, or integral
with, the aftercooler, removes the accumulated
condensation.
 AIR DRYERS

ABSORBANCE ADSORPTION
COOLANT DRYING MAIN LINE FILTER
DRYING DRYING

• Chemical • Air compression • Main Line Filter

• Purely chemical methods for method at the are used for
process drying air appropriate filtration of
• Chemical methods • The water temperature (44 water, air and
to absorb water OC) chemicals.
from air
vapor from air
stick in the • Using a
• After absorbing coolant
chemicals surface
will become liquid chemical (refrigerant) as
• Chemicals - • Chemicals – the coolant
UREA,LITHIUM silica gel and • The
DAN CaCl activated resulting cold
alumina air and dry
 PENGERING UDARA

ABSORPTION DRYING

1. The compressed air is forced

through a drying agent (lithium
chloride or calcium chloride) which
reacts with the moisture to form a
solution which is drained from the
bottom of the vessel shown in
figure.

2. The drying agent must be replenish

at regular intervals as the dew point
increase.

3. Advantages: low initial and

operating cost
 ADSORPTION DRYING

1. Water is deposited on the surface of

solids.

2. Chemical such as silica gel or activated

alumina in granular form is contained
in a vertical chamber to physically
absorb moisture from the compressed
air.

3. Usually two tanks are used. When the

gel in one tank is saturated, the air
flow is switched to the dry, second
tank and the first tank is
regeneratedby hot-air drying.

4. The lowest equivalent dew points

Activated alumina Silica gel
(down to – 90 °C) can be achieved by
means of adsorption drying
COOLANT / REFRIGERANT /LOW TEMPERATURE DRYING

1. The aim is to reduce the

temperature of the air to a dew
point which ensures that the water
in the air condenses and drops out in
the quantity required.

2. The air entering into the refrigerant

dryer is pre-cooled in a heat
exchanger by escaping cold air.

3. It is then cooled in the cooling unit

to temperatures between +2c and 5
c.

4. The dried compressed air is filtered.

5. Before the compressed air is output

into the network, the air is heated
back to ambient conditions.
1. A large capacity filter should be
installed after the air receiver to
remove contamination, oil vapors
from the air
 PENGERING UDARA

LOW TEMPERATURE
PROSES :

1) Sila rujuk modul anda &

buat ringkasan…..
 CONTOH PAST YEAR’S Q

JANUARI 2009
Soalan 2
d. Dengan bantuan gmbrjh, terangkn bgmn pengering jns JERAPAN berfungsi?
(10 markah)

JULAI 2008
Soalan 1
d. Dengan bantuan gmbrjh, terangkn prinsip kerja pengering udara jns bhn
pendingin.
(6 markah)
JANUARI 2008
Soalan 1
d. Kandungan air didlm silinder pneumatik mndtgkn ksn trhdp kelancaran &
peralatan sistem. Utk mengurangkn kandungan air itu,trdpt 3 kaedah yg blh
digunakan.
i) Nyatakan TIGA kaedah tersebut
ii) Terangkan operasi satu drpd tiga kaedah pengeringan yg trsbt
brserta gmbrjh.
(11 markah)
 4 markah

4 markah

1) Wap air dr udara lekat pd prmukaan

2 markah kimia (1 markah)
2) Bahan kimia – JEL SILIKA &
ALUMINA TERAKTIF (1 markah)
3) PROSES…… (2 Markah)