Power Plant Topics

(Machine Foundation)
 Machine Foundation
Functions:
- To support the weight of the machine and to distribute the weight of the machine and its own
over a safe sub-soil area. To absorb the vibrations produced by the machine. To maintain the
alignment of the machine.
Monolithic Foundation – concrete foundation which is formed by pouring the entire mixture
continuously at one time and allowing the structure to harden as whole unit.
Grouting – process of filling a small clearance between machine and foundation, after the machine
is aligned and leveled by using a special hardening mixture.

1. Length of the Foundation, L

L = Lb + 2c
Lb= length of bedplate; c = clearance
2. Upper width of the Foundation, a
a = w + 2c
w= width of bedplate; c = clearance
3. Weight of Foundation, Wf
Wf = 3 to 5 times Wm
Wf = e (We)(N)0.5
Wm= weight of machine, kg 5. Weight of Machine Foundation, Wf
We= weight of engine
N= engine speed, RPM
e= empherical coefficient
4. Volume of Machine Foundation, Vf
Vf = Wf / ρ; ρ= density of bldg. material
Machine Foundation
6. Lower Width of the Machine
Foundation, b
Sb / FS = [Wm + Wf] / [b*L]
Where:
Sb= Soil Bearing Capacity
FS= factor of Safety
Wm = weight of machine
Wf= weight of foundation
b= lower width of foundation

7. Depth of the Machine

Foundation, h
Vf = [(a + b)/2]*L*h
Where:
Vf= volume of foundation
a= upper width of foundation
L = length of foundation
8. Weight of Steel bar
Reinforcement, WSB
WSB= (0.5%-1%)*Wf
Where:
SSB= Weight of steel bar
Wf= weight of foundation
Power Plant Topics

(Diesel Power Plant)

 Diesel Power Plant
(Formulas)
1. Heat Generated by Fuel 8. Brake Power(BP)
Qg = mf*Qh where: BP= Pmb * VD where:
mf = mass flow of fuel
Qh = heating value of fuel BP= 2∏TN, (hp) T = torque, ft-lb
2. Heating Value of Fuel (Qh) 33,000 N = speed, rev/min

Qh = 41,130 + 139.6 °API (kJ/kg) 9. Friction Power (FP)

3. Air-Fuel Ratio(A/F)
A/F = ma / mf where:
ma = mass flow of air = PV / RT
4. Volume Displacement (VD)
VD = (∏D2/4)*LNc
where: D = bore diameter, m
L = stroke, m
N = speed, rev/sec (for 2 stroke)
N/2 = speed, rev/sec (for 4 stroke)
c = number of cylinders
5. Piston Speed(Sp)
FP = IP - BP
10. Mechanical Efficiency(ŋm)
ŋm = BP / IP
11. Generator Efficiency(ŋg)
ŋg = PG / BP where:
PG = Generator Power Output
12. Thermal Efficiency(eth)
eIth = IP / (mf*Qh ) where:
eBth = BP / (mf*Qh ) eIth = indicated thermal efficiency

Sp = 2LN (m/sec) eCth = PG / (mf*Qh ) eBth = brake thermal efficiency

eCth = combined thermal efficiency
6. Indicated Power(IP) 13. Volumetric Efficiency (ŋv)
IP= Pmi * VD where: ŋv = Va/ VD where:
Pmi = Indicated Mean Effective Pressure Va = (maRT) / P
7. Brake Power(BP)
14. Generated Speed(Ng)
BP= Pmb * VD where:
Ng = 120f/ P where:
BP= 2∏TN, (kW) Pmb = Brake Mean Effective Pressure N= speed, rev/min
T = torque, kJ f= frequency = 60 Hz (if not given)
N = speed, rad/sec p = no. of poles
 Diesel Power Plant
15. Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)
a) SFCI = mf (3600) / IP (kg/kW-hr)
b) SFCB = mf (3600) / BP (kg/kW-hr)
c) SFCC = mf (3600) / PG (kg/kW-hr)
where:
SFCI = indicated specific fuel efficiency
SFCB = brake specific fuel efficiency
SFCC= combined specific fuel efficiency
16. Heat Rate(HR)
a) HRI = mf (3600)Qh / IP (kJ/kW-hr)
b) HRB = mf (3600)Qh / BP (kJ/kW-hr)
c) HRC = mf (3600)Qh / PG (kJ/kW-hr)
where:
HRI = indicated heat rate
HRB = engine heat rate
HRC= generator heat rate
17. Typical Heat Balance of Diesel Engine
Useful Output (Brake Power) -------- 34%
Cooling Loss ------------------------------ 30%
Exhaust Loss ------------------------------ 26%
Friction, Radiation, etc. ---------------- 10%
Total Heat Input -------------------------- 100%
(Formulas)
18. Engine Operating at Higher Elevation
a) Relations:
1) Friction power at any elevated point is constant.
2) Mass of fuel consumption is constant.
3) Volume of air required is constant.
4) Indicated power is directly proportional to air density
b) Temperature and Pressure Relations at higher elevation
1) Consider the temperature effect alone: the temperature
decreases 3.4°F for every 1,000 ft elevation.
Pe = Ps (T / 520)0.5 where:
T = 520 – 3.56h/1,000
Ps = power at sea level
h = elevation, ft
Pe = power at elevation
2) Consider the pressure effect alone: the pressure
decreases 1 inch of Hg per 1,000 ft elevation
Pe = Ps (B / 29.92) where:
B = pressure at higher elevation
B = 29.92 – h/1,000
3) Consider the pressure and temperature effect
Pe = Ps * (B / 29.92)* (T / 520)0.5