“Culture is that complex whole which

includes Knowledge, beliefs, arts, moral law,

customs and any other capabilities and
habits acquired by as a member of the
society.”

Opposed culture to being a biological trait.

Colonialism, Racism, and social evolutionism

Edward Tylor (dominant ideologies in 19th century)
4 Important Aspects of Culture
1.Beliefs
2.Values
3.Norms
4.Symbols
Beliefs
 Beliefs
• Are conceptions that people accept as true
about how the world operates and where
individuals fit in it.
• Can be rooted on blind faith, experience,
tradition or the scientific method.
 Values
• are conception about the world and how people should be.

Pointed in his studies

Pakikitungo –smooth interpersonal relations
Pakikisama – to be positive, concerned and
supportive
Pakikiramay – to Symphatize and share
sufferings
Dr. Filipe Dacano
 Values

Three elements that constitute Filipino value

system
a. Halaga
b. Asal
c. Diwa

Dr. Filipe Dacano

 Values

Hiya – shame
Amorpropio – selfsteem
Delicadeza – cirscumspection
Palabra de honor – word of honor
Utang na loob – gratitude

Dr. Filipe Dacano

 Values
Bahala na
Itinadhana ng Diyos
Iginuhit ng tadhana
Napasubo
Kamag-anak
Kasamahan
Dr. Filipe Dacano
 NORMS
- Guidelines that govern moral standards and even the
most routine aspects of life
- The written and unwritten rules.

2 Types of Norms
Folkways – are norms that apply to routine matters.
Mores – are norms that people define pivotal well-being
William Graham Summer
of the group
 Symbols
- Is any kind of physical phenomenon – a word, an object a color a
sound, a feeling, an odor, a movement, a taste to which people assign a
meaning – Ferrante, 1995