MACHINE

ELEMENTS
ENGR. MEL ARVIN S. ATIENZA
engrmasatienza@gmail.com
What is Machine Elements?

 Machine elements are basic

mechanical parts and features
used as the building blocks of
most machines. Most
are standardized to common sizes,
but customs are also common for
specialized applications
What is Machine Elements?

Machine element refers to an
elementary component of
a machine. These elements
consist of three basic types:
What is Machine
Elements?
 1.structural
components such as
frame
members, bearings, 
axles, splines, fasten
ers, seals,
and lubricants
What is Machine
Elements?

 2.
mechanisms that contro
l movement in various
ways such as gear
trains, belt or chain
drives, linkages, cam an
d follower systems,
including brakes
and clutches
 What is Machine
Elements?

 3.control
components such
as buttons,
switches,
indicators,
sensors, actuators
and computer
controllers.
PIPES
and
DUCTS
  A pipe is a tubular
section or hollow
cylinder, usually but
not necessarily of
circular cross-
section, used mainly
PIPES to convey substances
which can flow —
liquids and gases
(fluids), slurries,
powders and masses
of small solids.
 Fire
Hydrants

Combustible Compressed
Fluids Air

Pipe’s Color
Coding

Flammable
Water
Liquids

Electrical
  Ducts areconduits or
passages used in
heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning
(HVAC) to deliver and
remove air.

DUCTS  The needed airflows

include, for example,
supply air, return air,
and exhaust air. 
 Ductscommonly also
deliver ventilation air
as part of the supply
air
GEARS
Gear
 Gears are
toothed,
cylindrical
wheels used for
transmitting
motion and
power from one
rotating shaft to
another.
Gear

The driving teeth

Thus, a torque is
push on the driven
transmitted, and
teeth, exerting a
because the gear is
force perpendicular
rotating, power is also
to the radius of the
transmitted.
gear.
Pinion

Gear
 The amount of speed
reduction is dependent Gear reduction
on the ratio of the ratio
number of teeth in the
pinion to the number of  Gear reduction
teeth in the gear
ratio refers to
according to this
the ratio of the
relationship:
number of
active gears to
the
instantaneous
angular velocity
of the number
of driven gears.
Parts of Spur gear
  Pitch surface :
The surface of the
imaginary rolling
Parts of Spur cylinder (cone,
etc.) that the
Gear
toothed gear may
be considered to
replace.
  Pitch circle: A
Parts of Spur right section of
Gear the pitch surface.
  Addendum circle:
Parts of Spur A circle bounding
Gear the ends of the
teeth
  Root(or
dedendum) circle:
Parts of Spur The circle
Gear bounding the
spaces between
the teeth
  Addendum: The
radial distance
between the pitch
circle and the
Parts of Spur addendum circle.
Gear  Dedendum: The
radial distance
between the pitch
circle and the root
circle.
  Clearance: The
difference
between the
Parts of Spur
dedendum of one
Gear gear and the
addendum of the
mating gear.
  Face of a tooth:
That part of the
Parts of Spur
tooth surface lying
Gear outside the pitch
surface.
  Flank of a tooth:
The part of the
Parts of Spur tooth surface lying
Gear inside the pitch
surface.
  Circular
thickness (also
called the tooth
thickness) : The
thickness of the
Parts of Spur
tooth measured on
Gear the pitch circle. It
is the length of an
arc and not the
length of a straight
line.
  Tooth space: The
distance between
Parts of Spur adjacent teeth
Gear measured on the
pitch circle.
  Backlash: The
difference
between the circle
Parts of Spur
thickness of one
Gear gear and the tooth
space of the
mating gear
  Circularpitch p:
The width of a
Parts of Spur tooth and a space,
Gear measured on the
pitch circle.
  Diametral pitch P: The
number of teeth of a
gear per inch of its
pitch diameter.
 A toothed gear must
have an integral number
of teeth.
Parts of Spur  The circular pitch,
Gear therefore, equals the
pitch circumference
divided by the number
of teeth.
 The diametral pitch is,
by definition, the
number of teeth divided
by the pitch diameter. 
  Module m: Pitch
diameter divided
by number of
teeth. The pitch
diameter is usually
Parts of Spur
specified in inches
Gear or millimeters; in
the former case
the module is the
inverse of
diametral pitch.
  Fillet :The small
radius that
Parts of Spur connects the
Gear profile of a tooth
to the root circle.
  Pinion: The
smaller of any pair
Parts of Spur of mating gears.
Gear The larger of the
pair is called
simply the gear.
  Velocity ratio:
The ratio of the
number of
revolutions of the
driving (or input)
Parts of Spur
gear to the
Gear number of
revolutions of the
driven (or output)
gear, in a unit of
time.
  Pitchpoint: The
point of tangency
Parts of Spur of the pitch circles
Gear of a pair of mating
gears.
  Common tangent:
Parts of Spur The line tangent
Gear to the pitch circle
at the pitch point.
  Line of action: A
line normal to a
pair of mating
Parts of Spur tooth profiles at
Gear their point of
contact.
  Path of contact:
The path traced by
Parts of Spur
the contact point
Gear of a pair of tooth
profiles.
  Base circle :An
imaginary circle
used in involute
gearing to
Parts of Spur generate the
Gear involutes that
form the tooth
profiles.
 Pressure angle    : 
       

The angle between the 
common normal at the 
point of tooth contact 
and the common 
Parts of Spur tangent to the pitch 
Gear circles. 
It is also the angle 
between the line of 
action and the common 
tangent.
GEAR TRAIN
 Gear trains consist of two
or more gears for the
purpose of transmitting
motion from one axis to
another. 
GEAR TRAIN
Ordinary gear trains have
axes, relative to the frame,
for all gears comprising the
train
TYPES OF GEAR
SPUR GEARS
 Gears having
cylindrical pitch
surfaces are called
cylindrical gears.
 Spur gears belong
to the parallel
shaft gear group
and are cylindrical
gears with a tooth
line which is
straight and
parallel to the
shaft.
SPUR GEARS
 Spur gears are the
most widely used
gears that can
achieve high
accuracy with
relatively easy
production
processes.
 They have the
characteristic of
having no load in
the axial direction
(thrust load).
 HELICAL GEARS
 Helical gears are used
with parallel shafts
similar to spur gears
and are cylindrical
gears with winding
tooth lines.
 They have better teeth
meshing than spur
gears and have
superior quietness and
can transmit higher
loads, making them
suitable for high speed
applications.
 HELICAL GEARS
 When using helical
gears, they create
thrust force in the
axial direction,
necessitating the use
of thrust bearings.
 Helical gears come
with right hand and
left hand twist
requiring opposite
hand gears for a
meshing pair.
GEAR RACK

 Same sized and shaped

teeth cut at equal
distances along a flat
surface or a straight
rod is called a gear
rack.
 A gear rack is a
cylindrical gear with
the radius of the pitch
cylinder being infinite.
GEAR RACK

 By meshing with a
cylindrical gear pinion,
it converts rotational
motion into linear
motion.
 Gear racks can be
broadly divided into
straight tooth racks
and helical tooth
racks, but both have
straight tooth lines
BEVEL GEAR
 Bevel gears have a
cone shaped
appearance and are
used to transmit force
between two shafts
which intersect at one
point (intersecting
shafts).
 A bevel gear has a
cone as its pitch
surface and its teeth
are cut along the
cone. 
SCREW GEAR

 Screw gears are a pair

of same hand helical
gears with the twist
angle of 45° on non-
parallel, non-
intersecting shafts.
 Because the tooth
contact is a point,
their load carrying
capacity is low and
they are not suitable
for large power
transmission.
SCREW GEAR

 Since power is
transmitted by the
sliding of the tooth
surfaces, it is
necessary to pay
attention to
lubrication when using
screw gears.
MITER GEAR

 Miter gears are bevel

gears with a speed
ratio of 1.
 They are used to
change the direction
of power transmission
without changing
speed.
 There are straight
miter and spiral miter
gears.
MITER GEAR

 When using the spiral

miter gears it becomes
necessary to consider
using thrust bearings
since they produce
thrust force in the
axial direction.
 Besides the usual
miter gears with 90°
shaft angles, miter
gears with any other
shaft angles are called
angular miter gears
 WORM GEAR
 A screw shape cut on a shaft is
the worm, the mating gear is
the worm wheel, and together
on non-intersecting shafts is
called a worm gear.
 Worms and worm wheels are
not limited to cylindrical
shapes.
 There is the hour-glass type
which can increase the
contact ratio, but production
becomes more difficult.
 Due to the sliding contact of
the gear surfaces, it is
necessary to reduce friction.
 WORM GEAR
 For this reason, generally a
hard material is used for the
worm, and a soft material is
used for worm wheel.
 Even though the efficiency is
low due to the sliding contact,
the rotation is smooth and
quiet.
 When the lead angle of the
worm is small, it creates a
self-locking feature.
 INTERNAL GEAR
 Internal gears have
teeth cut on the inside
of cylinders or cones
and are paired with
external gears.
 The main use of
internal gears are for
planetary gear drives
and gear type shaft
couplings.
 INTERNAL GEAR
 There are limitations
in the number of teeth
differences between
internal and external
gears due to involute
interference, trochoid
interference and
trimming problems.
 The rotational
directions of the
internal and external
gears in mesh are the
same while they are
opposite when two
external gears are in
mesh.