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ENGR. MEL ARVIN S. ATIENZA
engrmasatienza@gmail.com
DIFFERENT PLANT
CYCLES
CARNOT CYCLE
The Carnot Cycle. The Carnot cycle consists
of the following four processes: A reversible
isothermal gas expansion process. In this
process, the ideal gas in the system absorbs
qin amount heat from a heat source at a high
temperature Th, expands and does work on
surroundings.
CARNOT CYCLE
The Carnot cycle is a theoretical
ideal thermodynamic
cycle proposed by French
physicist Sadi Carnot in 1824 and
expanded upon by others in the
1830s and 1840s.
CARNOT CYCLE
CARNOT CYCLE
OTTO CYCLE
An Otto cycle is an idealized
thermodynamic cycle that describes the
functioning of a typical spark ignition
pistonengine. It is the
thermodynamic cycle most commonly
found in automobile engines.
OTTO CYCLE
The first person to build a working four
stroke engine, a stationary engine using
a coal gasair mixture for fuel (a gas
engine), was German engineer Nikolas
Otto This is why the fourstroke
principle today is commonly known as
the Otto cycle and fourstroke engines
using spark plugs often are called Otto
engines.
OTTO CYCLE
The processes are described by
Process 0–1 a mass of air is drawn into
OTTO CYCLE
piston/cylinder arrangement at constant
pressure.
Process 1–2 is an adiabatic (isentropic)
compression of the charge as the piston moves
from bottom dead centre (BDC) to top dead
centre (TDC).
Process 2–3 is a constantvolume heat transfer
to the working gas from an external source
while the piston is at top dead centre. This
process is intended to represent the ignition of
the fuelair mixture and the subsequent rapid
burning.
Process 3–4 is an adiabatic (isentropic)
expansion (power stroke).
Process 4–1 completes the cycle by a constant
volume process in which heat is rejected from
the air while the piston is at bottom dead centre.
Process 1–0 the mass of air is released to the
atmosphere in a constant pressure process.
DIESEL CYCLE
The Diesel cycle is a combustion process of a
reciprocating internal combustion engine. In it, fuel is
ignited by heat generated during the compression of air
in the combustion chamber, into which fuel is then
injected. This is in contrast to igniting the fuelair
mixture with a spark plug as in the Otto cycle (four
stroke/petrol) engine. Diesel engines are used
in aircraft, automobiles, power generation, diesel
electric locomotives, and both
surface ships and submarines.
DIESEL CYCLE
In the 1890s, Rudolf Diesel invented an
efficient, compression ignition, internal
combustion engine that bears his name.
Early diesel engines were large and
operated at low speeds due to the
limitations of their compressed air
assisted fuel injection systems.
DIESEL CYCLE
DIESEL CYCLE 1→2 : isentropic com
pression of the fluid
(blue)
2→3 : reversible cons
tant pressure
heating (red)
3→4 : isentropic
expansion (yellow)
4→1 : reversible
constant volume
cooling (green)
DUAL CYCLE
Dual cycle, or limited pressure cycle,
is a thermodynamic cycle that
combines the Otto cycle and the
Diesel cycle. In the dual cycle,
combustion occurs partly at
constant volume and partly at
constant pressure.
DUAL CYCLE
hermal cycle that is a
combination of the Otto cycle and
the Diesel cycle, first introduced
by RussianGerman engineer
Gustav Trinkler, who never
claimed to have developed the
cycle though
DUAL CYCLE
Thermal cycle that is a
combination of the Otto cycle and
the Diesel cycle, first introduced
by RussianGerman engineer
Gustav Trinkler, who never
claimed to have developed the
cycle though
The dual cycle consists of
DUAL CYCLE following operations:
Process 12: Isentropic
compression
Process 23: Addition of
heat at constant volume.
Process 34: Addition of
heat at constant pressure.
Process 45: Isentropic
expansion.
Process 51: Rejection of
heat at constant volume.
STIRLING CYCLE
The Stirling cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that
describes the general class of Stirling devices. The
ideal Otto and Diesel cycles are not totally reversible
because they involve heat transfer through a finite
temperature difference during the
irreversible isochoric/isobaric heataddition and heat
rejection processes. The irreversibility renders the
thermal efficiency of these cycles less than that of
a Carnot engine operating within the same limits of
temperature.
STIRLING CYCLE
This includes the
original Stirling engine that
was invented, developed and
patented in 1816 by Robert
Stirling with help from his
brother, an engineer.
STIRLING CYCLE
STIRLING CYCLE
12 ISOTHERMAL Heat
addition (expansion).
23 ISOCHORIC Heat
removal (constant
volume).
34 ISOTHERMAL Heat
removal (compression).
41 ISOCHORIC Heat
addition (constant
volume).
BRAYTON CYCLE
The original Brayton engines used a piston compressor
and piston expander, but more modern gas
turbine engines and airbreathing jet engines also
follow the Brayton cycle. Although the cycle is usually
run as an open system (and indeed must be run as such
if internal combustion is used), it is conventionally
assumed for the purposes of thermodynamic analysis
that the exhaust gases are reused in the intake,
enabling analysis as a closed system.
BRAYTON CYCLE
The Brayton cycle is
a thermodynamic cycle named
after George Brayton that describes
the workings of a constant
pressure heat engine.
BRAYTON CYCLE
adiabatic process – compression
isobaric process – heat addition
adiabatic process – expansion
isobaric process – heat rejection
ERICSSON CYCLE
The Ericsson cycle is named after inventor John
Ericsson who designed and built many unique heat
engines based on various thermodynamic cycles. He is
credited with inventing two unique heat engine cycles
and developing practical engines based on these cycles.
His first cycle is now known as the closed Brayton
cycle, while his second cycle is what is now called the
Ericsson cycle. Ericsson is one of the few who built
opencycle engines
ERICSSON CYCLE
ERICSSON CYCLE
The following is a list of the four processes that occur between the four
stages of the ideal Ericsson cycle:
Process 1 > 2: Isothermal compression. The compression space is assumed to
be intercooled, so the gas undergoes isothermal compression. The
compressed air flows into a storage tank at constant pressure. In the ideal
cycle, there is no heat transfer across the tank walls.
Process 2 > 3: Isobaric heat addition. From the tank, the compressed air
flows through the regenerator and picks up heat at a high constantpressure
on the way to the heated powercylinder.
Process 3 > 4: Isothermal expansion. The powercylinder expansionspace is
heated externally, and the gas undergoes isothermal expansion.
Process 4 > 1: Isobaric heat removal. Before the air is released as exhaust, it
is passed back through the regenerator, thus cooling the gas at a low
constant pressure, and heating the regenerator for the next cycle.
Starting motor current
may be about 25 A
What air pressure is needed for air
starting a diesel engine?
250 psi
Speedometer drive is generally taken from:
front wheel
Removing of impurities from a gas by bubbling
it through a liquid purifying agent is called
Gas scrubbing
A substance that is homogeneous in composition and
homogeneous and invariable in chemical aggregation.
Pure substance
The heat exchanger used in an Ericsson cycle is:
recuperator
The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure
is
Barometer
Which of the following chemical reactions
in which heat is absorbed?
Endothermic reaction
A chemical reaction in which heat is given
off
Exothermic reaction