Group 2

Code of ethics
• Developed and enforced codes of
conduct that rest on differences, like
religion, traditions, manners, conduct and
as we shall soon see, integeation of
different moral theories.
NATURE OF ETHICAL CODES
• WORK
– Provides bases for good work ethics.
– Set up a system of duties and obligations.
– Furnish a system of right and wrong.
– Promote positive work value.
–Defines ethical and unethical practices in the
performance of work or the practice of any
profession.
 –These codes generally consist of a set of ethical
principles accompanied by disiplinary rules.
• TRADE OF BUSINESS
– Business code is usually adopted and expected
to be the guiding light for all light for all its
employees.
– For every profession, these is an enforced
professional code that should be followed.
– Violation usually leads to loss of public trust and
confidence.
• PROFESSIONAL CODES OF ETHICS
– Proffesional codes remind members of the
profession of their moral obligations to the public,
to their profession, to their colleagues and to their
clients.
– It guides the actions of a professional worker,
where the law is in enadequate.
• LEGAL CODES OF ETHICS
– The code of ethics among the
practitioners of the legal profession is
embodied in the By- law of the
Integrated Bar of the Philippines
(IBP)
 The following are the general
objectives of the Integrated Bar (IBP
By- Laws, Sec. 2)
1. To elevate the standards of the legal
profession.
2. To improved the administration of justice.
3. To enable the Bar to discharge its public
responsibilities more effectively.
• The purpose of the integrated Bar
include, without being limited to those
specified in the per curium Resolution of
the Supreme Court dated January 9,
1973 ordaining the integration of the
Philippine Bar, are the following:
1. Assist in the administration of justice
2. Foster and maintain, on the part of its members,
high ideals of integrity, learning, professional
competence, public service, and conduct
3. Safeguard the professional interests of its
members
4. Cultivate among its members a spirit of cordiality
and brotherhood
5. Provide a forum for the discussion of law,
jurisprudence, law reform, pleading, practice and
procedure, and the relations of the Bar to the Bench
and to the public, and publish information relating
thereto
6. Encourage and foster legal education
7. Promote a continuing program of legal research
in substantive and adjective law, and make
reports and recommendation thereon
• The avoidance of conflict of interest is traditionally
held as one of the major moral expectations from a
legal practitioner. Below are some time-honored
principles of the legal profession (Encyclopedia
Britannica, CD-ROM Special Edition, 2000):
1. Lawyers and judges must not engage in practices of
dubious legality.
2. When the outcome of a case is contrary to the interests
of a client, the client's lawyer must not stand to profit
from that outcome.
3. Judges may not be personally involved in the disputed
over which they preside.
4. In helping their clients, lawyers must stay within the law.
They must not knowingly aid their clients in breaking the
law.
5. The primary responsibility of a lawyer toward a client
may conflict with a certain ethical principles: the conflict
must be resolved in a favor of the client.
6. Lawyers should not withdraw form the case if such may
injure the client's chances of winning.
7. Client's secrets must be protected, except where the
lawyer knows that the client is engaged in activities
"likely to result in death or substantial bodily harm". A
lawyer may also breach confidence when he or she is
involved in a legal controversy with a client, or in a
defense against legal or disciplinary charges brought
against the lawyer because of the lawyer's conduct while
defending the client.
8. A lawyer's fee shall be reasonable.
9. Lawyers must disclose their fees to their clients "before
or within a reasonable time after commencing the
representation".
MEDICAL CODE OF ETHICS
MEDICAL CODE OF ETHICS
• medical code of ethics includes promulgated by
medical associations and generally, the Hippocratic
Oath. Medical codes pah special attention to the
moral issues and problems that arise in the context
of the practice of medicine. In the Philippines, the
code of ethics for the medical profession usually
covers the moral duties of the physician a patient, a
community a colleague, to the medical profession,
and to the allied professions.
The following are the general principles of the
Code of Medical Ethics of the Medical
Profession in the Philippines ratifies by the
Philippine Medical Association on May 27,
1960:
1. The primary objective of the practice of medicine
is service to mankind irrespective of rave, creed,
or political affiliation. In its practice, reward or
financial gain should be a subordinate
consideration.
2. Upon entering his profession, a physician
assumes the obligation of maintaining the
honorable tradition that confers upon him the well-
deserved title of "friend of men".
3. In his relation to his patients, he s serve their
interests with the greatest solicitude, giving them
always his best talent and skill.
4. In his relation to the State and community, a
physician should fulfill his civic duties as a citizen,
conform to the laws, and endeavor to cooperate
with the proper authorities in the due application of
medical knowledge for the promotion of the common
welfare.
5. With respect to the relation of the physician to
his colleagues, he should safeguard their
legitimate interests, reputation and dignity--
bearing always in mind the golden rule whatever
ye would that man should do unto you, do ye
even so to them.
6. The ethical principles actuating and governing a
clinic or a group of physicians are exactly the
same as those applicable to the individual
physician. Specialization in the various fields of
medical sciences are not exempt from the
application of these principles.
• In the Philippines, the Code of Ethics for the medical
profession is enforced by law under the Medical Act of
1959 (RA 2382, Art. III, sec. 24[12]). Aside from Medical
Codes of Ethics, any physician who has been authorized
to practice medicine must actually or impliedly know the
other, and the universally recognized source of moral o
ligation from the medical profession: Hippocratic Oath.
A the Hippocratic Oath, considered as the greatest
legacy of Hippocrates, is not really an oath; it was, rather,
an ethical code or ideal an appeal for right conduct for
the teachers of medicine and for their students.
• The code is embodied in manuscripts called the Corpuz
Hippocraticum ( Hippocratic collections). It stresses
the importance of confidentiality and the need to treat
patients with dignity and respect. It tells of the duties of
the teacher to his medical students and the duties of the
students to his teacher. The Code, most importantly,
furnishes rules of conduct and pledges the practitioner to
live an exemplary personal and professional life.
• The beauty, the idealist flavor and the enduring
wisdom pronounced by the text explain why the
Hippocratic Oath or Code is still used today in graduation
ceremonies o mang medical schools. There are many
other codes of ethics governing the various fields of the
medical profession that are all equally sensible and
beautiful.
“The Code of Ethics of the
Teaching Profession”
 Statement of Professional Ethics
by The Lowa State University
1. As faculty members
‒ guided by a deep conviction of the worth and
dignity of the advancement of knowledge,
recognize the special responsibilities placed upon
them.
‒ their primary responsibility to their discipline is to
seek and to state the truth as they see it.
 – faculty members accept obligation to exercise
critical self disipline & judgement in using,
extending and transmitting knowledge.
2. As teachers
– faculty members encourage the free pursuit of
learning in their students.
– faculty members demonstrate respect for
students as individuals and adhere to their proper
roles as intellectual guides and councelors.
– Faculty members make every resonable efforts
to foster honest academic conduct and to ensure
that their evaliations of students reflect each
student's true merit.
–They avoid any axpoitation, harassment or
disciminatory treatment of students and them
protect their academic freedom.
3. As administrators and colleagues
– Faculty members have obligations that derive
from common membership in the community of
scholars. Faculty members do not discriminate
against or harass colleagues.
– They respect and defendthe free inquiry of
associates.
– They acknowledge academic debt and strive to
be objective in their professional judgement of
colleagues.
 –Faculty members accept their share of faculty
responsibilities for the governance of their
institution.
4. As members of an academic institution
– Faculty members seek to be effective teachers,
scholars and administrators although faculty
members observe the stated regulations of the
institution.
– Faculty members give due regard to their
paramount responsibilities within their institution
in determing the amount and character of work
done outside.
– When considering the interruption or termination
of their service faculty members recognize the
effect of their decision upon the program of the
institution & give due notice of their intentions.
5. As members of their community
– Faculty members have the rights and obligations
of othercitizens.Faculty members measure the
urgency of these obligations in the right of their
responsibilities to their discipline, to their
students, profession and to their institution.
– When they speak or act as private persons, they
avoid creating the impression of speaking or
acting for their college or university.
– Faculty members have a partcular obligation to
promote conditons of free inquiry and to further
public understanding of academic freedom.
SOCIAL RESEARCH CODE OF ETHICS
– Research involves the study of things living and
non living, humans and non humans. However,
social research is aprofessional activity that
involves human being, only with inherent rights
and dignity that should be respected and
protected without a high standard of conduct taht
could regulate its search for truth, dignity of
persons as subject of research could be violated.
– The necessity of making resesrchers realize that
their primary concern must their responsibility to
the subject has in part, contributed to the
information of socal research ethics.
– Social research ethics pertains to the principled
sensitivity to the rights of others.
GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF
RESEARCH ETHICS
There are 2 general principles of reserch
ethics :
1. Principle of informed consent
– states of that the voluntary and informed consent
of human subjects and essential in the conduct of
scientific reearch and that it is the responsibility
of the researcher to sufficiently communicate the
purpose of the research to the subjects.
2. Principle of personal privacy
– states that the right of a person study is for the
individual to be left alone to control his or her
personal space and information about himself or
herself.
 Rules of Conduct in Social Research
Based on the American Sociological
Association (1971)
1. Social research depends, for its success, on
subject's trust & confidence. Hence, those
methods and practices that undermine such trust
annd confidence must be avoided.
2. It is expected that a researcher must not act in
such a manner that the rights & integrity of his or
her subjects are violated.
3. A researcher must not conceal the fact that he or
she is engaged in research.
4. A researcher should explain openly the purpose of
his / her research to the people being studied.
5. A researcher should not intentionaly deceive the
people as to the users to which the results of the
study will be cut.
6. A researcher must respect the privacy and desires
of people never forcing anyone to perform acts
against his or her will.
7. A researcher must learn and respect cultural
rules that may affect the conduct of research.
8. A researcher must be guided by truth in writing his
research. Inspired by the genuine desire of
contribute to the advancement of humman
knowledge.
 The code of ethics for Public officials
and Employees
• Worker in the civil service are the body of men and
women who serve in the government service are
called public official.
• They are elective and apointive officials and
Employees, permanent or temporary, whether in a
service. Including militaru and police personnel (RA
673. SEC 3) They are also called civil service.
• They work with the general public as their clients
Hence, they should at all time. Be accountable to
the people and should discharge their duties with
utmost responsibility,integrity,competence,and
loyalty, act with patriotism and justice,lead modest
lives and uphold public interest one personal
interest (Ibid, Sec 2)
Norms of conduct of Public Official and
Employees
• What are the things expected of government
Employee?
• How should a government employee conduct
him/herself when dealing with the public?
• How should he/she perform work? If you are
thinking of being a public servant someday.
Norms of conduct of Public Official and
Employees
a) Commitment to public interest. Public officials and
Employees shall always uphold the public interest
over and above personal interest.
b) Professionalism Public Officials and Employees
shall perform and discharge their duties with the
highest degree of excellence.
c) Justices and sincerity. Public Officials and
Employees shall remain true to people at all times.
d) Political neutrality. Public Officials and Employees
shall extend prompt, discrimination and regardless
of party affiliation or preference.
e) Responsiveness to the Public Officials and
Employees shall extend prompt.Courteous and
adequate service to the public.
f) Nationalism and priotism.Public Officials and
employee shall at all times. Be loyal to the
Republic and to the Filipino People, promote the
use of locally produce. Produced goods, resources
and technology.
g) Commitment no democracy. Public Officials and
Employees shall commit themselves to the
Democrats way of life and values and maintain the
principle of Public Accountability.
h) Sample living, Public officials and Employees and
their families shall lead modest lives appropriate to
their positions and income.Officials and
Employees of the government should by posting of
standard in their bedrooms kitchens,even their
comfort reasons, in order to be constantly
reminded that their practice of using government
property for selfish purposes their discrimination
against the poor, their purposes their discrimination
against the poor, their tardiness and laziness, their
arrogance, their patriotism, their political partisanship
and their extravagant display (I'll gotten) wealth, are
cutragously imoral.
A. Financial and material interest Publis officials
and employment shall not directly or indirectly
have any financial or material transformation
requiring the approval of their officers.
B. Outside employment and one related activities
public officials and Employees during their
incumbancy shall.
1) Own, control, manage, or accept employment an
consultant counsel,broken,agent trustee or
nominess any private. Enterprise regulated
supervised, or licensed by their officials, unless
expressly allowed by law.
2) Engage in the private practice of their profession
unless authorized by the Constitution or by law,.
Provided that such practices will not conflict or
tend to conflict with their officials functions, or
3) Recommend any person to any possition in a
private Enterprise which has a regular or pending
official transaction with their offices.
C. Disclosure and or misuse of confidential
information. Public officials and employees shall
not use or divulge confidential of cramfied
informations officially knows to them by made
available on the public either.
1. To further their private interests, or give undue
advantage to anyone or
2. To prejudice to public interest.
D. Solicitation or acceptance of gifts public officials
and employees shall not solicity or accept,directly
or indirectly and gift gratuity, favor entertainment,
loan or anything of monetary value for any person
in the course of their official duties or in connection
with any operation bring regulate be affected by
the functions of their offices.
As to gifts or grants from foreign government,
Congress consents for.
1. The acceptance and retention by a public official
or employee of a gift of nominal value tendered
and received as souvenir or mark of courtesy;
2. The acceptance by a public official or employee of
a gift in the nature of scholarship or fellowship
grant or medical treatment, or
3. The acceptance by Public official or employee of
travel grants or expenses for travel taking place,
entirely outside the Philippines.
 Civil Service Law
• The Civil Service Law provides that every
government employee ought to refrain from the
following (Omnibus Rules Implementing Book V
of Executive Order No. 292, otherwise known as
the “ Administrative Code of 1987”, Rule XIV
Sec.22, [ as amended by CSC Memo Circular
No. 19, s 1999] and Sec. 23)
Omnibus Rules Implementing Book V of
Executive Order No. 292,
1. Disloyalty to the Republic of the Philippines and
the Filipino people.
2. Dishonesty and neglect of duty.
3. Refusal to perform official duty.
4. Inefficiency and incompetence in the performance
of official duties.
5. Misconduct and insubordination.
6. Being notoriously undesirable.
7. Conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude.
8. Falsification of official documents.
9. Physical or mental incapacity or disability due to
vicious habits.
10. Engaging directly or indirectly in partisan political
politics.
11.Graft and corruption, i.e., receiving for a personal
use of a fee, gift or other valuable thing in the
course of official duties.
12. Contracting loans of money or other properties
from persons with whom the office of the
employee has business relations.
13. Soliciting or accepting, directly or indirectly, any
gift, gratuity, favor, entertainment, loan or anything
of monetary value which, in the course of his
official duties or in connection with any operations
being regulated by, or any transaction which may
be affected by the functions of his office.
14. Nepotism and oppression.
15.Disgraceful and immoral conduct.
16. Frequent unauthorized absences, loafing, or
frequent unauthorized absences from duty during
regular office hours.
17. Conduct grossly prejudicial to the best interest of
the service.
18. Directly or indirectly having financial and material
interest in any transaction requiring the approval of
his office.
19. Owning, controlling, managing, or accepting
employment as officer, employee, consultant,
counsel, broker, agent, trustee, or nominee in any
private enterprise regulated, supervised, or
licensed by his office, unless allowed by law.
20. Disclosing or misusing confidential and classified
information officially known to him by reason of his
office for private interest to the prejudice of public
interest.
21. Gross discourtesy in the course of official duties.
22. Unfair discrimination in rendering public service
due to party affiliation or preferences.
23. Habitual drunkenness.
24. Violation of evil service rules.
25. Gambling as prohibited by law.
26. Refusal to render overtime service.
27. Borrowing money by superiors from
subordinates.
28. Lending money at usurious rates of interest.
29. Willful failure to pay just debts.
30. Promoting the sale of tickets in behalf of private
enterprises that are not intended for charitable or
public welfare purposes, or without authorization.
31. Failure to attend to anyone who wants to avail
himself of the services of the office, or act
promptly and expeditiously on public transactions.
BUSINESS CODE OF ETHICS
BUSINESS CODE OF ETHICS

• In a world of intense and fierce competition,

unethical activities in the “free”world of business
sometimes go beyond the capability of common
law and statues to curtail. No amount of law, for
instance can prevent a determined businessman
from cheating his customers or from employing
unfair methods of competition against his
competitors. But those who suffer the most from
such despicable greed are common employees.The
profit-centered attitude of some businessmen and
their insensitivity to socially accepted standards of
conduct, has greatly contributed to their negative
image and adversely affected the image of their
work.
Business codes intended to develop and
maintain good employer-employee relations
usually tell about the observance of the
following:
1. Adequate pay for the employees.
2. Opportunity for advancement (e.g., promotions and
career fulfillment.)
3. Recognition for good work.
4. Reasonable security and safety in the workplace.
5. Recognition and respect for individuals as human
beings.
• The following is an example of a business
code which has been formulated and adopted
by the Philippine Association of National
Advertisers (PANA), entitled “ A Statement
of Advertising Principles” ( Miranda:2000)
1. Good advertising recognizes both its economic
and social responsibility to help reduce
distribution costs and to serve public interest.
2. Good advertising depends for it’s success on
public confidence. Hence, it cannot permit those
practices that tend to impair such confidence.
3. Good advertising aims to inform the consumer
and helps him buy intelligently.
4. Good advertising tells that the truth is accurate,
honest and trustworthy. It avoids exaggerations,
misstatements of facts, as well as possible
deception through implication or omission.
5. Good advertising conforms not only to the laws,
but also to the generally accepted standards of
good taste and decency and to the moral and
aesthetic sentiments of the country. It avoids any
practice or statement which may be offensive to
the public as a whole or to any particular group,
class or race.
6. Good advertising seeks public acceptance on the
basis of positive and constructive statements
made on the merits of the product or service
advertised, rather than by disparagement of
competition.
7. Good advertising does not allow any activity which
involves the exploitation of the good will attached
to any other firm, or product or service. It does not
imitate or simulate trademarks, firm names,
packages labels and such advertising devices as
illustration and copy, layouts, or slogans.
8. Good advertising helps enhance the dignity of the
individual and contributes to the building of a
civilized society.
THANK YOU