Annual Energy and

power
Production
Kinetic Energy
 Power in the Wind

Mass flow rate:

ρ = Air density (kg/m³) = 1.225 kg/m³ at 15°C and 1 atm

is power in the wind (watts)

 Power in the Wind

• Power in the wind depends on,

– Air density,
– Area that wind flow through (i.e. swept area of
the turbine rotor), and
– Wind speed.
• Power increases as the cube of wind speed.
Power in the Wind-Swept Area
 Power in the Wind-Swept Area

• Power increases as
proportional to swept area
of the rotor.
• This implies that power is
proportional to square of the
diameter; the bigger, the better.
• This explains economies of
scale of wind turbines.
 Power in the Wind-Air Density
• From ideal gas law,

– P: absolute pressure (atm)

– V: volume (m³)
– n: mass (mol)
– R: ideal gas constant (m³·atm·K¯¹·mol¯¹)
– T: absolute temperature (K, K= °C +273.13 )

• This means that air density depends on atmospheric pressure (P) and
temperature (T).
at sea level (P = 1 atm = 14.7 psi; T = 150 C) is  0  1.225 kg/m3
 0.297h 
 
  0e  3048 
   0  1.194  10 h 4
 Main Components of WECS

Power Gearbox is used Generators and power Transformers

extracted by to increase converters are the are used to
the rotor at rotational speed main components to step-up the
low rotational to a higher rpm make sure that WECS voltage to
speed, to generate 50Hz produce high quality connect the
typically at electricity. voltage supplies. generator to the
10-25 rpm. grid.
Overall Efficiency
Wind Turbine Power Curve
 Wind Turbine Power Curve

Power Curve
4000 ENERCON E33-330kW
GAMESA G90-2MW
3500
Rated Cut-off SUZLON S64-1MW
3000 VESTAS V90-2MW
GE 3.6 SL
Power output (kW)

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-500 Cut-in Wind Speed (m)
 Annual Energy Production
Frequency of a wind speed (Vi)
k
k 1 V 
k  Vi   i 
f (Vi )  c
c  c 
e

Duration of a Wind Speed (Vi)

Ti  f (Vi )  8760
Power Extracted from Wind
1
Pi   AVi 3 i
2
Energy Production from a Wind Speed (Vi)
Ei  Pi  Ti
Annual Energy Production
cutout
AEP  
i  cutin
Ei
Where:
f(V)i=Frequency of a wind speed Vi
Ti =Duration of a wind speed Vi in h
Pi =Power extracted in a wind speed Vi in W
Ei=Energy contributed by a wind speed Vi in Wh
Turbine and Site Matching
 Tip Speed Ratio

• TSR is the speed at rotor tip divided by the wind

speed.
𝜔𝑅
𝜆=
𝑉1

– If TSR is high, it means that the blade spins too fast

that the blade will experience turbulent wind.
– If TSR is low, it means that the blade spins too slowly
that it could not efficiently capture wind energy.
• The optimal TSR gives the maximum
efficiency that a turbine can extract wind
energy.
 Optimal Tip Speed Ratio (Dynamic Matching)
The optimal tip speed ratio for maximum If ts<tw, then some wind is unaffected. If
power extraction is inferred by relating the time tw<ts, then some wind is not allowed to flow
taken for the disturbed wind to re-establish itself through the rotor. The maximum power
(tw) to the time taken for a rotor blade of extracted occurs when these two time periods
rotational frequency (ω) to move into the are about equal,
position occupied by its predecessor( ts).
𝑡𝑤 ≅ 𝑡𝑠
2𝜋 𝑆
For an n bladed rotor, the time period for ≅
the blade to move to its predecessor’s position 𝑛𝜔 𝑉
is given by It has been empirically observed that S
2𝜋
𝑡𝑤 = [sec] is equal to about half a rotor radius
𝑛𝜔
𝑅
If the length of the strongly disturbed 2𝜋 ( )
≅ 2
air stream upwind and downwind of the rotor is
𝑛𝜔 𝑉
S, then the time period for the wind to return to
normal is given by 𝜔𝑅 4𝜋
𝑆
≅ ≅ 𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝑡𝑠 = [sec] 𝑉 𝑛
𝑉
If the aerofoil is designed with care,
the optimal tip speed ratio may be about 25 to
30.
 Rotor Efficiency(CP)Vs TSR(λ)

• For a given wind speed,

rotor efficiency is a
function of the rate at
which a rotor turn.
– Rotor turns too slow
letting too much wind
pass -> efficiency drop.
– Rotor turns too fast
causing turbulence ->
efficiency drop.
CP Vs λ