SOLAR RADIATION

GEOMETRY
-VANITA THAKKAR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
BABARIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VARNAMA,
VADODARA.
 SOLAR ENERGY
• Sun is the basic source of
Energy for Earth.
• Solar Energy is available in
the form of Electromagnetic
Radiations.
• Sun is a large sphere of very
hot gases, heat being
generated by the various
fusion reactions in it.
• Diameter of Sun = 1.39 x 106
km.
• Diameter of Earth = 1.2 x
104 km. 7
• Sun subtends an angle of
only 32' at Earth's surface
(because of large distance
between them.)
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
 SOLAR ENERGY
• The direct I beam
radiation received from
the Sun on the earth is
almost parallel.
• Brightness of the Sun
varies from its centre to
its edge, however, for
engineering calculations,
it is assumed to be
uniform over the entire
solar disc.
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT. VARNAMA
 SOLAR ENERGY
• The sun generates an
enormous amount of
energy - approximately
1. x 1020 kilowatt•
1
hours every second.
(A kilowatt-hour is
the amount of energy
needed to power a
100 watt light bulb
for ten hours.)
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
SOLAR ENERGY ON EARTH
• The earth's outer atmosphere intercepts
about one two-billionth of the energy
generated by the sun, or about 1500
quadrillion (1.5 x 101 ) kilowatt-hours per
year. 8

• Due to Reflection, Scattering, and

Absorption by gases and aerosols in the
atmosphere, however, only 47°/ of this, or
approximately 700 quadrilliono (7 x 1017 )
kilowatt-hours per year, reaches the surface
of the earth. VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA 5
THAKKAR
SOLAR ENERGY ON EARTH (contd.}
• In the earth's atmosphere, solar radiation is received :
- directly (Direct Radiation) and
- by diffusion in air, dust, water, etc., contained in the
atmosphere (Diffuse Radiation).
• Global radiation = Direct Radiation + Diffuse
Radiation.
• The amount of incident energy per unit area and day
depends on a number of factors, e.g. :
- Solar Radiation Geometry, which includes Solar
Angles, Locational or Geographical factors and
Season I Time of the year.
- Local climate.
- Inclination of the collectin~ surface in the direction of
the sun. VANIT N.
THAKKAR
BIT,VARNAMA 6
 EARTH'S ROTATION
• The term Earth's rotation refers to North Pole
the spinning of Earth on its axis.
• Due to rotation, the Earth's surface
moves at the equator at a speed of
about 467 m per second or slightly
over 1675 km per hour.
• One rotation takes exactly twenty•
four hours and is called a mean A line that bisects areas on
solar day. the Earth receiving sunlight
• The Earth's rotation is responsible for and those areas in darkness.
the daily cycles of day and night - Cuts the spherical Earth into
i.e. at any moment in time, one half lightedand dark halves.
of the Earth is in sunlight, while the '------::>"" iiiiiiiiii=miiiiiii... ~
other half is in darkness.
• The edge dividing the daylight from,,,,
night rs called the circle .•
illumination.
• The Earth's rotation also creates the
apparent movement of the Sun
across the horizon. 7
South Pole
VANITA N. BIT,
THAKKAR VARNAMA
EARTH'S ROTATION (contd.}

• Looking down at the

Earth's North Pole from
space one would see that
the direction of rotation is
counter-clockwis.e
• Looking down at the
Earth's South Pole from
space one would see that
the direction of rotation is
clockwise . VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, V RNAMA ,.,"
 EARTH REVOLUTION

,J

• The orbit of the Earth around the Sun is called an Earth revolution .
• This celestial motion takes 365.26 days to complete one cycle.
• Earth's orbit around the Sun is not circular, but oval or elliptica.l
• An elliptical orbit causes the Earth's distance from the Sun to vary over
a year. Yet, this phenomenon is not responsiblefor the Earth's
seasons!
• This variation in the distance from the Sun causes the amount of solar
radiation received by the Earth to annually vary by about 6°/o.
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT. VARNAMA 9
POSITIONS IN EARTH'S REVOLUTION

Positionsin the Earth's revolution :

On January 3, Perihelion, Earth is closest to the Sun (147.3 million km).
On July 4, Aphelion, Earth is farthest from the Sun (152.1 million km).
Average distance of Earth from the Sun over one-year period is - 149.6
million km, i. e. X 1 QS VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA to
THAKKAR
1.496 km.
 SOLAR CONSTANT
• Measurements indicate that the Energy Flux (rate of
energy transfer through a unit area) received from
Sun outside the Earth's atmosphere is essentially
constant :
• SOLAR CONSTANT (15c : The rate at which
Energy is received from ) the Sun on a unit area
perpendicular to the rays of Sun, at a mean
distance of the Earth from the Sun ( - 1.496 x 108
km). --
15c = 1367
• The solar constantW/mincludes
2 all types of solar
11
radiation, not just the visible light.
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
VARIATION IN EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL
FLUX

• Due to variation in Earth-Sun distance

throughout the year, the Extra•
terrestrial Flux varies, which can be
calculated from the equation :
15c' 15c + 0.033 cos (360n/365)],
[1
=
Where, n the number of day of the
= year.
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA 12
 TILT OF EARTH'S AXIS

• The ecliptic plane can be defined as a

two-dimensional flat surface that
geometrically intersects the Earth's orbital
path around the Sun.
• On this plane, the Earth's axis is not at
right angles to this surface, but inclinedat
an angle of about 23.5 ° from the
perpendicula.r
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA 13
 SOLISTICE AND EQUINOX
23.5°

Figure shows a side view of the Earth in its orbit about the Sun on four important
dates: June solstice, September equinox, December solstice, and March
equinox.
Angle of the Earth's axis in to the Ecliptic Plane and the North Star
on these four dates remainsrelation
unchanged.
14
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
SOLISTICE AND EQUINOX (contd.)

• Yet, the relative position of the Earth's

axis to the Sun does change during this
cycle.
• This is responsible for the annual
changes in the height of the Sun above
the horizon.
• It also causes the seasons, by controlling
the intensity and duration of sunlight
received by locations on the Earth. 15

VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA

THAKKAR
 SOLISTICE AND EQUINOX (contd.)

• In an overhead view of the

same phenomenon, one Arctic
Circle
can see how the circle of North Poe
illumination changes its
position on the Earth's
surface.
Decemb
• During the two equinoxes, er
the circle of illumination Solstice
cuts through North Pole fi Dec
21122
and South Pole. \1 Su
• On the June solstice, the n
circle of illumination is June
Solstice
tangent to the Arctic Jun
Circle (66.5° N) and the 21122
region above this latitude
receives 24 hours of
daylight. The Arctic Circle
is m 24 of darkness
during
hours the December VANITAN. THAKKAR 16
solstice.
 SOLISTICE
• On June 21 or 22 (also called the summer solstice in Northern
Hemisphere) Earth is positioned in its orbit so that North Pole is
leaning 23.5° toward the Sun : All locations north of the
have day lengths greater than twelve hours, while all locations
equator
south of the equator have day lengths less than twelve hours.
• On December 21 or 22 (also called the winter solstice in Northern
Hemisphere), Earth is positioned so that South Pole is leaning 23.5
degrees toward the Sun : All locations of the equator have
day
northlengths less than twelve hours, while all locations south of the
equator have day lengths exceeding twelve hours.

SUN
 EQUINOX
• On September 22 or 23, also called the autumnal
equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, neither pole is tilted
toward or away from the Sun.
• In the Northern Hemisphere, March 20 or 21 marks the
arrival of the vernal equinox or spring once again
the poles are not tilted toward or away from the Sun.
when
• Day lengths on both of these days, regardless of
latitude, are exactly 12 hours.
EARTH'S REVOLUTION

VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA 1

THAKKAR 9
SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF
SOLAR RADIATION
Solar Radiation spectrum is close to that
of a black body with a temperature of about
5,800 K.
About half that lies in the visible short•
wave part of and the other half mostly in
near-infraredpart.
Some also lies in the ultravioletpart of the
spectrum.
Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation
striking Earth's atmosphere : 100 to 106 nm,
divided into five regions : 20

VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA

THAKKAR
SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF
SOLAR RADIATION (contd.)
UltravioletC (UVC) : 100 to 280
Radiation Frequencynm.> violet light
Frequency (so, invisible to human
eye). Mostly absorbed by
Lithosphere.
Ultraviolet B (UVB) : 280 to 315 nm.
Mostly absorbed by atmosphere; ,.
Along with UVC, responsible for . r
photochemical reaction leading to w
productionof Ozone layer.
UltravioletA (UVA) : 315 to 400 400 nm 700
nm
Imm 1 m 1 km 100
km
Considered less damaging
nm. to the DNA Wavelength ---• L""llwave radiation
Shortwave radiation
The COtlET
Provrom
Visible range or light : 400 to 700
nm. important part of the
Infrared range : radiation
electromagnetic 700 nm reaching
to 106 nm. Divided into three types :
An Infrared-A: 700
Earth.
nm to nm
lnfrared-B: 1,400 nm to 3,000 nm 2
1
lnfrared-C: 3,000 nm to 1 VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA
THAKKAR
mm.
 SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF
SOLAR RADIATION (contd.)
• Maximum value of
Solar Radiation
Intensity = 2074
W/m2 occurs at 400nm 700nm t mm t m1 km
Wavelength -- tOOlcm
Shortwave radiation Longw•ve ridlation
0.48µm wavelength. ThoCO... r .... _
..--
• 99°/o of solar =========;::::::::==:;::==
Wav 0.00- 0.38-
=::::;::=::::.........
e (µm 0.38 0.78-
lengt 0.78 4.0
radiation is obtained h Approx.
)
95 640 618
upto a wavelength
of 4µm.
1- --- ---
-e_ne_rg_y_(w_ 1m _ 2_ )
Approx. o/o of 7°/ 47.3 45.7
0/o 0/o
tota energ o
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
l y 2
2
 SOLAR RADIATION ON
EARTH'S SURFACE
• Solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface
differs in amount and character from
Extraterrestrial Radiation.
• Part of the radiation is reflected back, especially
by clouds.
• Some part of it is absorbed by molecules in air
such as -
- 02 and 03 (ozone) absorb nearly all UV radiations.
- Water vapour and C02 absorb some energy in
infrared range.
• Some part of it is scattered by droplets in
clouds and dust particles. 23

VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA

DIRECT AND DIFFUSE
RADIATION
Direct I Beam Radiation : Solar radiation
that does not get absorbed or scattered,
but reaches the ground directly from the
Sun. It produces shadow when
interrupted by an opaque object.
Diffuse Radiation : Solar radiation received
after its direction has been changed by
reflection and scattering in the
atmosphere. VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT,VARNAMA 24
ATTENUATION OF SOLAR
RADIATION
Reflected Solar Incoming Outgoing
Radia1io 3"2 Solar Lon~wave
n Radiation Radr•tion
10TWm~ 3"2Wm4 235 Wm4
Reflected by Cloud•,
Aerosol and
Emitted by
Atmospheric Gain Atmosphere 40
77 Atmospheric
Window
Emitted by Clouds,-
Absorbed by .....L1 Greenhouse
87 Atmosphere ... Gases
_

t
350 324
I
Back
R•dl8tlon
310
M 71 lurfllce
11aaw2 Evsp S2
• .,.,,.,..
o Rl••kln Allsacb1d4 bJ
lu1rtrfi11eeCii"'-.-.J
VANITAN. BIT. 2
THAKKAR VARNAMA 5
 SOLAR RADIATION GEOMETRY

Angles useful in Solar

Radiation Analysis :
1 Latitude of location
. ( <!>1) •
2. Declination (8).
3. Hour Angle (co
). (a).
4. Altitude Angle
5. Zenith Angle (ez)
6. Solar Azimuth.
angle (y5).
7. Slope (s).
 LATITUDE ANGLE (cj
>1)
Latitude of
location (fl) :
Angle made b
radial liney
joining the
location to the
centre of the
Earth and the
projection of
that line on the
Equatorial plane.
It is the angular distance north or south of equator
measured from centre of Earth. 27
It varies from 0° at equator to 90° at the poles.
VANITAN.THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
 LATITUDE ANGLE (<t (contd.)
Latitude >,) Longitude
North
90 (+) 90 180
150

9 9
0 0
Equator ~~..,.. ..... --- o
Wes Ea
1~_,.._,._........,. t st
(-) (+)

3
9 9 0 0
0 South 0
(-) Prime
Microsoft meridian
Illustration
Latitude along with the longitudeindicatesthe position
28
of any point on earth.
VANITAN. BIT.
THAKKAR VARNAMA
 DECLINATION (8)
Declination (B :
Angular distance) of the
sun's rays north or
south of the equator.
It the angle between a
is extending from
line centre of Sun to
the
centre of Earth and the
projection of this line
upon Earth's Equatorial
Plane.
It is due to tilt of
Earth's axis and it
varies between 23.5
(Summer Solstice ° :
On Equinoxes, Declination =0
June 22) to - It is given by :
~----°"-~~~~~~~~~~~~

(Winter Solstice23.5°:
December 22). 0 = 23.45° -sin [~~~0 • (N +
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
284)]
29
 DECLINATION (8) (contd.)

23.45 -
sO I
c
-
c. 2 0 Ir-----------'----------_,._
-
n e
Da of
·-
>
y Year
e

- 4 -
23 5 I I I I
Autumn Wint Vern Summ Autumn
al er al er al
Equin Solstic Equin Solistlce Equin
ox e ox ox
The variation in the declination angle throughout the year.
VANITAN. THAKKA BIT. VARNAMA
R
DECLINATION (8) (contd.)
Declination
'.iq:i
Angle (o)
2l
& E '
F •I =
.,

... ---
•
... _ .• -- .._,.....
>r- ,
I \-~
-~ \
_,_
.».:

June ll

3
1
VANITAN THAKKA BIT,
. R VARNAMA
 REMEMBER : EARTH'S REVOLUTION

Changes in DECLINATION shown by Changes in the Red Line

32
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT. VARNAMA
 HOUR ANGLE (ro)
Hour Angle (e) :
The angle through
which the earth
must turn to bring
the Meridian of a
point directly in
line with the Sun's
rays.
It is a measure of Solar noon occurs when the
the time of the sun is at the highest point
day with reSRAD' in the sky & ro is
Y--.
to solar noon symmetric
with res ect to solar noon.
It is measured from noon, based on
At noon, co = the Local Solar Time (LST), +ve
0.
w 15° per hour. before noon and -ve during afternoon. 33

= VANITAN.THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA

LOCAL SOLAR Tl ME
Solar Time can be obtained from Standard Time
observed on a clock by applying Two
Corrections:
1. Due to difference in Longitude between a
location and the meridian on which the
standardTime is based : Has a magnitude
of 4 minutes for every degree differencein
Longitude.
2. Due to Equation of Time : As Earth's orbit
and rate of rotation are subject to small
perturbations. VANITAN.THAKKAR BIT,VARNAMA 34
 LOCAL SOLAR Tl ME (contd.)

Solar Sol radiatio calculati suc as hou angl ar based

time:
loc sola timar (LSTn Sincons th earth'sh theveloci
r varies
e e on th
al ther local
e solar
). e
time e orbital
as by a tyvarie slightly
throughoutfrom thee
measured
yea kep by a runni at uniformsundial
rate. A s da mean
i exactl equ to
r, t
hours, clocka ngday iscivil equ toy24 shours.
y al 24 i
variati
whereas
calle as
tim solar
of approximately al
{EO and is available This
as average for on s
d
months
e Equation TimeThe
of the year. T) EOT values
may be as constant for adifferent given
considered
approxim equation for EOT b day. An
Spencer is
ate calculating given y (1971) :

EOT = cos N- 32.0 si N 4.615 cos 40.89 2N

0.2292(0.075+1.868 77 n - 2N - sin )

wher N = (n -1) ; is the day of the (counted Januar 1st

e ~:~ '
n year from y )
' VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA ~
 LOCAL SOLAR Tl ME (contd.}

VARIATION IN THE EQUATION OF TIME DURING THE YEAR

(Local Mean Solar - Local Apparent Solar)
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EQUATION OFDateTIME - GRAPH
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT. VARNAMA
LOCAL SOLAR Tl ME (LST) (contd.)

LST =Standard Time

± 4 (Standard Time Longitude -
Longitude of Location)
+ (Equation of Time Correction)

The negative sign is applicable for Eastern

Hemisphere.

Important Note :
Hour Angle, r = 15 (12 - LST)
o VANITAN THAKKA
. R
BIT, VARNAMA 37
 PROBLEM - 1:
Determine Hour Angle for : 09:00 AM,
11 :00 AM, 02:00 PM, 04:30 PM
SOLUTION:

Hour Angle, ro =15 (12 - LST)

09:00 AM : 15(12 - 9) = 45°
co=
11 AM 15(12 - 11) = 15°
:00 : co
PM =
: 15(12 - 14) = -30°
02:00 co=
04:30 AM 15(12 - 16.5) = -67.5° 38

: co VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA

THAKKAR

=
PROBLEM - 2:
Determine the LST and
Declination at a location
latitude 23°15' N, longitude
77°30' E at 12.30 IST on June
20. EQT correction = -(1'
02''). Standard Time Longitude
for IST = 82.5°.
VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA 39
THAKKAR
PROBLEM - 3:
Determine the LST and
Declination at a location
latitude 23°15' N, longitude
67°30' E at 02.30pm IST on
October 02. EQT correction=
(9' 02''). Standard Time
Longitude for IST = 82.5°.
VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA 40
THAKKAR
ALTITUDE ANGLE (a)
w; I

Altitude (a) I
/ Horizontal
plane
I
/
I
L:
- --
s ------ ------ --------------- ' --- ------------------------- ------ N
---- ·-
I
Position of
--- ·/
I
I
I
I

he observer
Apparent ---::::~LI _J
sun path /
I
Norm to
I
I ...,__ .... al
surface P
E at
'
Altitude Angle or Solar Altitude (a) : Vertical angle between the
projection of Sun's rays on the horizontal plane on Earth'
surface and the direction of Sun's ray. s
The altitude angle a is maximum at solar noon. 41

VANITAN. BIT.
THAKKAR VARNAMA
 ZENITH ANGLE (82)
Sun W; I

I
I Horizontal
I
plane
I
/
I
----
s ----- -------- ---------------- --- ------------------------- ------ N
- - --- · ./ I
I
osition of
he observer
/
Apparent /
sun path I

I I
E
I
I
I
...._ Normal to
surface at P ez Tt/ - a
' 2
Zenith Angle (8z : Complimentaryangle of =Solar Altitude
Angle, i.e. )
Vertical angle between Sun's rays and a line perpendicular
to the horizontalplane thoughthe point, i.e. 42

Angle between the beam from the sun and the vertica.l
VANITAN.THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
 SOLAR AZIMUTH ANGLE (y5)
I

I
I Horizontal
I
plane
I ''
/
L
- --
s ---- ------- --------------- --------------- ------ N
·- ---- / Positio of
·- -- ·' I
I nhe observer
Solar Azimuth
Apparent I /
I
Angle (y5)
sun path I

I
I Norma to
I
I i.-_. surface
l at P
E
Solar Azimuth Angle' : Solar Angle in degrees
(rs)east or west of North.
along the horizon
It is a horizontal angle measured from North to
horizontalprojectionof sun's rays. 43

It is consider +ve west-wise. vANITAN.

THAKKAR
stT.VARNAMA
 RELATION BETWEEN BASIC
SOLAR ANGLES
Basic Solar Angles :
1. Latitude of location (<1>1 I).
2. Declination (8 or d). or ~-----~----~
N/
3. Hour Angle (c or h). ,
I
o I
Derived Solar Ang- les : ----- --- f/, J:+P ...;---sun's rays
1 Altitude Angle (a). ,
. Zenith Angle (8z).
2. Solar Azimuth angle (y5). !q~~
'-----'-------'--'-------------'
3. ~;
cos ez
1••

cl cos 0) cos 0 +sin cl> 0

> sin
=cos =sin (l (as ez n/2 - a)
cos 'Ys = sec (cos cl> = sin cos o sin cl> ro
asin 't« = sec (l o-
cos 0 sin VANITAN. THAKKAR
cos )
BIT, VARNAMA 44

0)
 SLOPE (s)
Slope (s) : Angle Slope (s)
made by the plane
surface with the
horizontal.
It is :
+ve : for surfaces
slopping towards
South
-ve : for surfaces
slopping towards
North.
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (8)
When Tilted Surfaces are involved :
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (0) : Angle between Sun rays
and normal to surface under consideration.

Norma to surfac
l e
su
n

Surface eart 4
6
VANITA N. on BIT, VARNAMAh
THAKKAR
 SURFACE AZIMUTH ANGLE (y)
N
For Tilted I
I
Surfaces suRFAcE Sun /
»;
''
AZIMUTH /
''
SURFACE ANGLE /
/

AZIMUTH (y)
.,....-'
ANGLE A (y : H .
onz.ontai
ng I e ) 0 f ane ~
Di
deviation of the
normal to the Norma to
Vertical
thewau--
l
surface from the wall

local meridian, s
It is angle between the normal to the surface and south.
For south-facing surface, y =
For west-facing surface,
0. y = and so on. 47

East-ward : 90°: -
West-ward VANITA N. BIT, VARNAMA
+ve, ve. THAKKAR
 GENERAL EQUATION FOR
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (8):
cos e=
sin <1 (sin 8 cos s + cos 8 cosy cos rosin s)
>1
+cos 1 (cos 8 cos r cos s - sin 8 cosy sin s)
o ................ (i)

Slope
Declination Latitude Surface
Azimuth Hour Angle 48
Angle
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (8) FOR
VERTICAL SURFACES :
For Vertical Surfaces :
=0
Slope, s = 90°
So, from Equation (i) :
cos 0 = + .......
sin 1 (sin o s + os o cos 'Y cos
sins +cos cl>1 . s ro os sro sin o '
cos
SI OS 8 Sin 'Y
(cos ro In Y
cos
Sin

=
=>cos 0 e sln 1<1 cos cosy cos
>1
- cos o sin cosy co
+ <1>1 o y sin c ••••••• (ii)
sin 49

cos o .
VANITAN. THAKKAR BIT, VARNAMA
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (8) FOR
HORIZONTAL SURFACES :
For Horizontal Surfaces :
Slope, s = 0°, Zenith Angle 0z = 0
So, from Equation (i) : =
cos 0 = sin +1 cos s + cos cos
1

sins +cos (cos cos o sin co '

co os s - os
sinos +
(sin s sin y sin c sin s 'Y o Y
+ o 1 o cos
=0
Hence, cos 0 = m <1 sin + cos <1 cos o
cos co = a. >1
o (iii) >1

sincos 0 = cos e e sln a.

i.e. 5
0
VANJTAN. THAKKAR

z
BIT, VARNAMA
 ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (8) FOR
SURFACES FACING SOUTH :
For Surfaces facing due south :
Surface Azimuth Angle, y =
So, from Equation0°,(i) :
=1

cos 0 =sin + (sin cos s +cos

1 o cos sin
s) +cos cos o cos ro cos s cos sins)
o •
+ cos si n -
cos
• •
sin
m ro si n s
Hence, cos 0 = sin =0 (sin o s + cos o cos ro
+ +
s) + cos 1 o cosro cos s -sinsin o sins) ... (iv)
1
=>cos (cos (cl> s) + cos o cos ro
0 = sin sincos (cl s)
o - cos
VANITAN.
THAKKAR
>
BIT, VARNAMA - 51
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (8) FOR
VERTICAL SURFACES FACING SOUTH :
For Vertical Surfaces facing due south :
Surface Azimuth Angle, y =0°, slope, s - = 0

So, from Equation (i) : 1

cos 0 = sin cf>1 (sin cos + cos o
+cos ocf>1 (cos o cos os sin os
ro o

Hence, cos 0 = sin <1>1 o cos c + cos

cos o <1>1
sin o
(v) VANITA N.
THAKKAR
BIT,
VARNAMA 52
 DAY LENGTH
At the time of sunrise or sunset, the Zenith angle,
<l>z =
goo.
Substituting this in equation (iii) obtained earlier :
cos e sin <1>1 sin + cos <1 cos o cos c
>1
= =sin a o o
Sun Rise Hour(= Angle
0) (ID-sL
cos IDs = -(sin <I> sin I (cos <I> o)
~COSo)IDs = - (tan <j> 0) cos
~IDs= COS- 1(- tan tan
<j> tan 0) {Vi) 5
3
VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA
THAKKAR
 DAY LENGTH (contd.)

Since, ro5 15° per hour,

Day =
Length (in hours) = td = (2 ro5 I 15)
•
I.e.
td (2 I 15) cos-1(- tan <I> tan
= o)
Thus, day length is a function of
latitude <I and solar declination o
> VANITAN. THAKKA BIT, VARNAMA 54
R
.
 THANKS!!

Contact : vanitaa.thakkar@gmail.com

VANITAN. BIT, VARNAMA 55

THAKKAR