VILMA C.

REYES
MAED 101
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NATURALISM
It is the philosophical view that all objects and events are capable of
being accounted for by scientific explanation and the nature of the
world would be revealed. (Zulueta and Maglaya, 2004)

 The native condition of man is a war against everyone. (Thomas Hobbes)

 Everything is good as it comes from the hands of nature but everything
degenerates in the hands of man. (Jean Jacques Rousseau)
 Three Great Principles of Teaching:
1. Principle of Growth
2. Principles of Student Activity
3. Principle of Individualization
 There is some kind of an Absolute Being, the foundation of all the phenomena
we observe but the human mind cannot have a concept of this Absolute Being.
(Herbert Spencer)
 The metaphysics of naturalism attempts to explain what Naturalism has said
about nature of reality, what it believes to be the BE-ALL and END-ALL of the
nature of existence itself.
REALISM
It is a philosophical doctrine that universals have a real
objective existence; that the objects of sense of perception
have an existence independent of the act of perception.
(Zulueta and Maglaya, 2004)
 Reality is the pure ideas of the mind. (Plato)
 Reality is the relationship found in nature and the physical environment.
(Aristotle)
 Matter was created by God as the primary substance from which the
different kinds of things and different individual objects comprising the
universe were made. (St. Thomas Aquinas)
 The mind of man is like a spherical mirror suspended in a room which
reflects images of all things that are around it. (John Amos Comenius)
 The physical world is real and senses are not deceived. (Rene Descartes)
 There is only one substance and this is identical with God. (Baruch
Spinoza)
 There are no innate ideas in the mind. (John Locke)
 Our sensory experiences and perspectives are representations of the
external world and not direct representations of it. (Immanuel Kant)
IDEALISM
It is a philosophical theory that maintains that the real is of the nature of
thought or that the object of external perceptions consists of ideas.
(Zulueta and Maglaya, 2004)
 Idealism holds that the fundamental element of the world, is not matter but spirit or mind.
( George Berkeley)
 The central principle of idealism is the primacy of self. (Rene Descartes)
Three Ideas Concerning the Significance of the Self:
1. It is a self-evident reality; that is, knowledge of oneself is a first and immediate
experience.
2. It is self that must be the starting point in thought.
3. The existence of God is widened in our experience by the fact that we have an
idea of the perfect being.
 Conscious reason is the unifying center for all experiences. ( Immanuel Kant)
 Metaphysics: Idealism holds that we ourselves are real, not mere illusions nor dreams.
 For the idealists, values arise out of man’s participation in the order of the universe of
which he is a part. Values are not his creation but his discovery. He is aware of it
because he has the innate capacity to realize as intelligent life in the order of the
universe.
PRAGMATISM
It is a philosophical movement or system having various forms;
but generally, stressing practical consequences as constituting
the essential criterion in determining meaning, truth or values.
(Zulueta and Maglaya, 2004)
 The meaning of ideas and concepts are best discovered and established
when these are put in an experimental test. ( Charles Sanders Peirce)
 Pragmatism is a method of solving or evaluating intellectual problems and
a theory about the kinds of knowledge we are capable of acquiring.
(William James)
 Epistemologically, pragmatism considers the problems unimportant; but
instead, turn to realizing the practical social values that will make this a
better world for all men.
 Metaphysics: Pragmatism means that the world is an on-going stream
where nothing is permanent or static. Everything is influx and in
continuous movement.
 On axiology, the pragmatists view society as not just a conglomeration of
individuals with the same aspirations but also an active and responsive
organism upon which individuals interact for a common purpose in life.
John Dewey’s Concept of
Experience and Thinking
 What constitutes our brute or animalistic experience is the interaction
between a biological organism and its environment.
 The educational system should try to develop methods for problem
solving.
 His philosophy is commonly referred to as INSTRUMENTALISM.
 Ideas or theories are instruments of action and that their application and
usefulness will determine the truth.
 Truth is a satisfaction of the needs and conditions of the problem out of
which the ideas, the purpose and appropriate method of action arises.
 Knowledge is not an end but an instrument which an individual can
utilize to attain his goal.
 It emphasizes the importance of experience, experimentation and
learning by doing that which brought tremendous influence to the learner.
(Zulueta and Maglaya, 2004)
EXISTENTIALISM
It is a philosophical movement which means the type of thinking that
emphasizes the human existence and the distinctive qualities of
individual life. (Zulueta and Maglaya, 2004)
 Man is a subjective thinker and comprehends himself not as an abstraction
but as an ethically engaged existing subject. (Soren Kierkegaard)
 Man’s nature of character seems vulnerable to deficiencies which have to be
corrected to produce superior race. (Friedrich Nietzshe)
 In anxiety, man becomes aware of his freedom, knows himself and is
responsible for his own actions and commitment. (Jean Paul Sarte)
 Existence is always in a situation, it is the freedom of an individual. (Karl
Jasphers)
 Man is a being in a world by participation and involvement. His world is a
world which he shares with others: (Martin Heidegger)
Three Fundamental Features of Man:
1. Factuality 2. Existentially 3. Forfeiture
 Epistemology: The individual is responsible for his own knowledge which is
intuitive and is human.
 Metaphysics: The real world is a world of existence; existence precedes
essence, it cannot be the other way around.
 Axiology: The existentialist teach that values do not merely exist apart from
the freely chosen acts of man.
PHILOSOPHIES AS APPLIED
IN EDUCATION (Zulueta and Maglaya, 2004)
Philosophies Idealism Realism Pragmatism Existentialism
1. Aims of Development of Development of Individual growth Philosophical
Education mind and body mind and body through processes, analysis of human
through the sense experience and experience, life,
and reason problem-solving love and death

2. Nature of Subject Subject Child and Child and subject

Curriculum matter-centered matter-centered process-centered matter-centered

3. Role/Character Dispenser of Initiator and facilitat Facilitator/dynamic Facilitator, liberal,

of Teacher knowledge/active, or, practical, good classroom open-minded,
imposing, serious, organizer, manager, result and provides for
strict authoritarian process-centered individual
differences
4. Role/Character Receives knowledge, Discoverer of Problem-solvers, Curious, assertive
of Learners passive, dependent knowledge through observe the inquiry, expressive,
sensation and scientific method, articulate,
abstraction, good at curious, critical personally and
classifying and result and socially aware
sorting objects process-oriented
based on their
characteristics
PHILOSOPHIES AS APPLIED
IN EDUCATION (Zulueta and Maglaya, 2004)
Philosophies Idealism Realism Pragmatism Existentialism
5. Method of Lecture, Grouping or Scientific method Group
Teaching deductive classifying objects and dynamics
method experimental
6. Nature of Traditional, Traditional but Flexible, rich in Variety of
Classroom rigid, with little opportunities for classroom
inflexible flexibility in the students to settings: a round
arrangement experience conference table;
of seats what they are an empty room;
learning under a tree
7. Source of Books Objects Challenging Books,
Knowing Nature experiences experience,
society,
environment
8. Influences Values Use of Realia Learning Use of
on the Present GMRC (objects and by experience Group dynamics
Educational materials from
System everyday life used
as teaching aids)
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