TOPIC 2: WORK

1. Work Energy
 Work done by a constant force
 Work done by a varying force
Kinetic Energy
Work-Energy Theorem

Work and Energy

 Work done by a constant force
Work done on an object by a
constant force is defined as the
magnitude of the displacement times
the component of the force, which
is parallel to the displacement.
Work = force  displacement

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 Work Done by
a Constant Force (I)

Work, is the product of the displacement d and the constant

force F in the direction of d.
(a) W = Fd = Fd (because, F is in the same direction to d,
cos  = 1 ( =0),

(a)

Internal
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Work Done by
a Constant Force (II)
(b)Force at an angle  to direction of motion:
W = Fd = Fd cos 

 = angle
W [Joule] = ( F cos q ) d between the
displacement
and the force
Work Done by
a Constant Force (III)

Example: Work done on

the bag by the person..
 Special case: W = 0 J
a) WP = FP d cos ( 90o )
b) Wg = m g d cos ( 90o )
 Nothing to do with the
motion

Work and Energy

Example 1A

A 5.0-kg crate is pulled 40.0 m by a

constant force exerted (FP = 100 N and
q = 37.0o) by a person. A friction force Ff =
50.0 N is exerted to the crate. Determine
the work done by each force acting on the
crate.

Work and Energy

Example 1A (cont’d)

F.B.D. WP = FP d cos ( 37o )

Wf = Ff d cos ( 180o )
180o
Wg = m g d cos ( 90o )
WN = FN d cos ( 90o )

90o

Work and Energy

Example 1A (cont’d)

WP = 3195 [J]
180o Wf = -2000 [J] (< 0)
Wg = 0 [J]
WN = 0 [J]

Work and Energy

Example 1A (cont’d)

Wnet = SWi
= 1195 [J] (> 0)
The body’s speed
increases.

Work and Energy

 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
 The Work-Kinetic Energy Principle states
SW = Kf – Ki = DK
In the case in which work is done on a
system and the only change in the system is
in its speed, the work done by the net force
equals the change in kinetic energy of the
system.
 We can also define the kinetic energy
 K = ½ mv2
 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem, cont
 Summary: Net work done by a constant
force in accelerating an object of mass m
from v1 to v2 is:
Wnet = ½mv22 – ½mv12  DK

“Net work on an object = Change in

Kinetic Energy”
 Work-Kinetic Energy REMARKS!!
 Wnet ≡ work done by the net (total) force.
 Wnet is a scalar.
 Wnet can be positive or negative since K can
be both + or –
 K  ½mv2 is always positive. Mass and v2 are
both positive.

Units are Joules for both work & kinetic energy.
 The work-kinetic theorem: relates work to a
change in speed of an object, not to a change in its
velocity.
Work-Kinetic Theorem

Wnet = Fnet d = ( m a ) d
= m [ (v2 2 – v1 2 ) / 2d ] d
= (1/2) m v2 2 – (1/2) m v1 2
= K2 – K 1
Work and Energy
 CALCULATE:

A) Work Done By Each Force

B) Work Net
C) Speed Of The Trash Can After 10m Wnet =

V1 = 0

4K
G
 CALCULATE:

a) Work Net V1 = 0
b) Speed Of The Trash Can

4K
G

MG
Example 2

A car traveling 60.0 km/h to can brake to

a stop within a distance of 20.0 m. If the car
is going twice as fast, 120 km/h, what is its
stopping distance ?

(a)

(b)

Work and Energy

Example 2 (cont’d)

(60x1000)/1x60x60)
(1) Wnet = F d(a) cos 180o
= - F d(a) = 0 – m v(a)2 / 2
 - F x (20.0 m) = - m (16.7 m/s)2 / 2
139.445
(2) Wnet = F d(b) cos 180o 1
= - F d(b) = 0 – m v(b)2 / 2 :
 - F x (? m) = - m (33.3 m/s)2 / 2 4
554.445

(3) F & m are common. Thus, ? = 80.0 m

Work and Energy
 Example 3 Work on a Car to
Increase Kinetic Energy

 Find Wnet to accelerate the 1000 kg car.

Wnet = K = K2 – K1 = ½m v22 – ½m v12
Wnet = ½(103kg)(30m/s)2 – ½(103kg)(20m/s)2 
Wnet = 450,000J – 200,000J = 2.50x105J
 Hooke’s Law

 The force exerted BY the spring is

Fs = –kx k = Fmax / xmax
 x is the position of the block with respect to the
equilibrium position (x = 0)
 k is called the spring constant or force constant and
measures the stiffness of the spring (Units: N/m)
 This is called Hooke’s Law
 Hooke’s Law, cont.
 When x is positive (spring
is stretched), Fs is
negative
 When x is 0 (at the
equilibrium position), Fs is 0
 When x is negative (spring
is compressed), Fs is
positive
Spring Force (Hooke’s Law)

Spring Force FS FP
(Restoring Force):
The spring exerts Natural Length x>0
its force in the
direction opposite
the displacement.
x<0
FS(x) = - k x

Work and Energy

Work Done to Stretch a Spring

FS FP
FS(x) = - k x
Natural Length

x2
W = FP(x) dx
x1 W

Work and Energy

Example 1B

A person pulls on the spring, stretching it

3.0 cm, which requires a maximum force
of 75 N. How much work does the spring
do ? If, instead, the
person compresses
the spring 3.0 cm,
how much work
does the spring do ?

Work and Energy

Example 1B (cont’d)

(a) Find the spring constant k

k = Fmax / xmax
= (75 N) / (0.030 m) = 2.5 x 103 N/m
(b) Then, the work done by the spring is
x2 = -0.030 m
WS = FS(x) d x = -1.1 J
x1 = 0
(c) x2 = -0.030 m  WS = -1.1 J
Work and Energy
Example 2

A 1.50-kg block is pushed against a spring

(k = 250 N/m), compressing it 0.200 m, and
released. What will be the speed of the
block when it separates from the spring at
x = 0? Assume mk =
0.300.
FS = - k x

(i) F.B.D. first !

(ii) x < 0
Work and Energy
Example 2 (cont’d)

(a) The work done by the spring is

x2 = 0 m
WS = FS(x) d x = +5.00 J
x1 = -0.200 m
(b) Wf = - mk FN (x2 – x1) = -4.41 (0 + 0.200)
(c) Wnet = WS + Wf = 5.00 - 4.41 x 0.200
(d) Work-Energy Theorem: Wnet = K2 – K1
 4.12 = (1/2) m v2 – 0
 v = 2.34 m/s Work and Energy
 Work Done by a Varying Force
 Assume that during a very
small displacement, Dx, F
is constant
 For that displacement, W
~ F Dx
 For all of the intervals,
xf

W   F x
xi
x
 Work Done by a Varying
Force, cont
 Sum approaches a definite
value:
xf
xf
lim
x  0  F x  
xi
x
xi
Fx dx

 Therefore:
xf
W   xi
Fx dx

 The work done is equal to

the area under the curve!!
Satu daya F = 2x + 5 bertindak ke atas satu jasad. Hitung kerja
yang dilakukan oleh daya sepanjang gerakan jasad tersebut dari
x =0 m ke x = 2 m. Diberi bahawa daya adalah dalam
Newton
 Positive & Negative Work
 Work is positive if the force has a
component in the direction of
motion (displacement) (0   
90o), cos  is positive.
 Work is negative if the force has a
component opposite to the
displacement
(90    180o), cos  is negative.
 Work is zero if the force is
perpendicular to the displacement,
 = 90o.
cos 90 = 0

Internal
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