Duration: 60 min IPGKTI 4 PISMP SN 2 FATINI & NADIAH

Linear Momentum and

Collision
• Energy & momentum in non-
elastic collision
• Energy & momentum in
elastic collision
• Propulsion & rocket
DEFINITION

• The quantity of motion that an object has.

• If an object is in motion (on the move) then it has momentum.

Momentum = mass • velocity

p=m•v

• Unit = kgm/s.

• Momentum is directly proportional to the object’s mass and also its

velocity.
DEFINITION

• Thus the greater an object’s mass or the greater its velocity, the
greater its momentum.

• Momentum p is a vector having the same direction as the

velocity v
 PRACTICE 1. CALCULATING MOMENTUM: A FOOTBALL
PLAYER AND A FOOTBALL

1. Calculate the momentum of a 110-kg football player running at 8.00 m/s.

2. Compare the player’s momentum with the momentum of a hard-thrown

0.410-kg football that has a speed of 25.0 m/s.
Strategy
No information is given regarding direction, and so we can calculate only the magnitude of the
momentum, p. In both parts of this example, the magnitude of momentum can be calculated
directly from the definition of momentum given in the equation, which becomes p = mv when
only magnitudes are considere
SOLUTION
What is impulse?
• Impulse is a term that quantifies the overall effect of a force acting over time.
It is conventionally given the symbol , J and expressed in Newton-second law.

• For a constant force, J=F⋅Δt

• As we saw earlier, this is exactly equivalent to a change in momentum , Δp.

• This equivalence is known as the impulse-momentum theorem. Because of

the impulse-momentum theorem, we can make a direct connection between
how a force acts on an object over time and the motion of the object.
 Conservation of Momentum
• In physics, the term conservation refers to something which doesn't change.

• This means that the variable in an equation which represents a conserved

quantity is constant over time.

• It has the same value both before and after an event.

• Just as with the other conservation principles, there is a catch: conservation

of momentum applies only to an isolated system of objects ( not acted on by
force external to the system—i.e., there is no external impulse )
p1i​+p2i​+…=p1f​+p2f​+…
• Direct consequence of Newton's third law.
• Consider a collision between two objects, object A and object B. When
the two objects collide, there is a force on A due to B- ​FAB - but because
of Newton’s third law, there is an equal force in the opposite direction,
on b due to A- F BA.

FAB = - F BA

• If we recall that impulse is equivalent to change in momentum, it follows

that the change in momenta of the objects is equal but in the opposite
directions. This can be equivalently expressed as the sum of the change
in momenta being zero
 COLLISION

• A collision is the event in which two or more bodies exert forces

on each other in about a relatively short time

• When the objects collide and stick together after the collision,
the maximum possible fraction of the initial kinetic energy is
transformed; this collision is called a perfectly inelastic collision

• An elastic collision is defined as one in which the kinetic energy

of the system is conserved ( as well as momentum).
 ELASTIC COLLISION NON ELASTIC COLLISION

An elastic collision is a collision in An inelastic collision is a collision in

which there is no net loss in kinetic which there is a loss of kinetic energy
energy in the system as a result of the
collision

Both momentum and kinetic energy The momentum of the system is

are conserved quantities in elastic conserved in an inelastic collision,
collisions kinetic energy is not
ONE-DIMENSIONAL PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISIONS

• Consider two object of masses m1 and m2 moving with

initial velocities v1i and v2i along the straight line

• If the two objects collide head- on, stick together and

move with some commen velocity vf after the collision,
the collision is perfectly inelastic

• Because the total momentum of the two- object isolated

system before the collision equals the total momentum of
the
EXPLORE
combined- object system after the collision
 ONE-DIMENSIONAL PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISIONS 10
min

m1 + v1i + m2 + v2i = ( m1 + m2 ) v f

m1 + v1i + m2 +𝑽2i
Vf =
m1 + m2

• Therefore, if we know the initial velocities of the two objects,

EXPLORE 20
min

we can use this single equation to determine the final

common velocity
Practice 2

An object of mass 1.0 kg moving at a speed of 5.0 m s−1 to the right

collides with another object of mass 2.0 kg initially moving at a speed of
4.0 m s−1 to the left. After the collision, what is

a) The velocity of each object,

b) The amount of kinetic energy lost?
 ONE-DIMENSIONAL PERFECTLY ELASTIC COLLISIONS

• The elastic collision of two objects moving along the same line—a
one-dimensional problem.

• An elastic collision is one that also conserves internal kinetic energy.

• Internal kinetic energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects
in the system. Figure 1 illustrates an elastic collision in which internal
kinetic energy and momentum are conserved
EXPLORE 20
min
• Truly elastic collisions can only be achieved with subatomic particles,
such as electrons striking nuclei.

• Macroscopic collisions can be very nearly, but not quite, elastic—

some kinetic energy is always converted into other forms of energy
such as heat transfer due to friction and sound.
• To solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between
two objects we can use the equations for conservation of momentum
and conservation of internal kinetic energy.
• First, the equation for conservation of momentum for two objects in a
one-dimensional collision is :
p1 + p2 = p1f + p2f (Fnet = 0)
or
m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f (Fnet = 0),

• By definition, an elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so

the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals the sum after the
collision.
Thus,
Practice 3

1. Particle A of mass m undergoes a head- on elastic collision with a

stationary particle B of mass 12m. Determine the fractional amount of
kinetic energy transferred from A to B.
EXAMPLE 1. CALCULATING VELOCITIES FOLLOWING AN ELASTIC COLLISION

Calculate the velocities of two objects following an elastic collision, given that m1 = 0.500
kg, m2 = 3.50 kg, v1 = 4.00 m/s, and v2 = 0.

Strategy and Concept

First, visualize what the initial conditions mean—a small object strikes a larger object that is
initially at rest. This situation is slightly simpler than the situation shown in Figure 1 where both
objects are initially moving. We are asked to find two unknowns (the final velocities v′1 and v′2).
To find two unknowns, we must use two independent equations. Because this collision is
elastic, we can use the above two equations. Both can be simplified by the fact that object 2 is
initially at rest, and thus v2=0. Once we simplify these equations, we combine them
algebraically to solve for the unknowns.

EXPLORE 20
min
 2- DIMENSIONAL MOMENTUM

.• If two objects make a head on collision, they can bounce and move along
the same direction they approached from (i.e. only a single dimension).

• However, if two objects make a glancing collision, they'll move off in two
dimensions after the collision (like a glancing collision between two billiard
balls).

• For a collision where objects will be moving in 2 dimensions (e.g. x and y),
the momentum will be conserved in each direction independently (as long
as there's no external impulse in that direction

EXPLORE 20
min
• In other words, the total momentum in the x direction will be the same
before and after the collision.

Σpxi​=Σpxf

• Also, the total momentum in the y direction will be the same before
and after the collision.

Σpyi​=Σpyf
A 1500 kg car travelling east with a speed of 25.0 m/s collides ata an
intersection with a 2500 kg van travelling north at a speed of 20.0 m/s
as shown in figure 1. Find the direction and magnitude of the velocity of
the wreckage after the collision, assuming that the vehicles undergo a
perfectly inelastic collision
Thank You !