CHAPTER FOUR

SEWAGE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL TECHNIQUES

SEWAGE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL TECHNIQUES
Introduction
 After conveying the wastewater through sewers, the next
step is its disposal, either after treatment or even before
treatment.
 Treated or untreated sewage dumped into streams can
upset the ecological stability of the stream.
 However, through natural processes and bacterial activity,
streams can purify themselves.
 High concentration of organic substances encourage the
growth of decomposers such as bacteria and fungi.
 The normal food chain is then established with higher
trophic levels.
 The excess wastes upset the system by depleting the
dissolved oxygen required by bacteria for aerobic
decomposition of organics.
Cont…
 The normal amount of dissolved oxygen in streams is
above 9mg/l at 20°c water temperature.
 As the level of DO decreases to 5mg/l, sensitive organisms
will disappear.
 As oxygen depletion progresses most of the organism
species tend to be absent from the food chain.
 Ultimately, bacteria of facultative and anaerobic types
exist.
 Due to re aeration, streams do not reach a 0mg/l DO level
and thus seldom go anaerobic.
 The degree of pollution and the character of the stream
determine the amount of time the self-purification
progress will take.
 Cont…
There are two general methods of disposing of the sewage
effluents:
1. Disposal in water (dilution)
2. Disposal on land

1. Dilution
isthe process whereby the treated sewage or the effluent
from the sewage treatment plant is discharged into water
body.
The discharged sewage, in due course of time, is purified by
what is known as self purification process of natural waters.
The degree and amount of treatment given to raw sewage
before disposing it off into the river depend upon:
◦ the quality of raw sewage
◦ the self purification capacity of the river stream and the intended
use of its water
 Conditions Favoring Disposal by Dilution
1. When sewage is comparatively fresh (4 to 5 hr old), and
free from floating and settleable solids
2. When the diluting water has high DO content.
3. Where diluting waters are not used for the purpose of
navigation or water supply for at least some reasonable
distance on the downstream from the point of sewage
disposal.
4. Where the flow currents of the diluting waters are
favorable, causing no deposition, nuisance or destruction
of aquatic life.
5. When the outfall sewer of the city or the treatment plant is
situated near some natural waters having large volumes.
 Self purification of natural streams
 When sewage is discharged into a natural body of water,
the receiving water gets polluted due to waste products,
present in sewage effluents.
 But the conditions do not remain so for ever, because the
natural forces of purification, go on acting upon the
pollution elements, and bring back the water into its
original condition.
 This automatic purification of polluted water, in due
course, is called the self-purification phenomenon.
 Ifthe self-purification is not achieved successfully either
due to too much of pollution discharged into it or due to
other causes, the river water itself will get polluted.
Cont…
 The various natural forces of purification which help in
effecting self-purification process are summarized
below:
 Physical forces are:
◦ Dilution and dispersion
◦ Sedimentation
◦ Sunlight (acts through bio-chemical reactions)
 Chemical forces aided by biological forces (called
bio chemical forces) are:
◦ Oxidation (Bio)
◦ Reduction
 Dilution and Dispersion
When the putrescible organic matter is discharged into a
large volume of water contained in the river-stream gets
rapidly dispersed and diluted.
The concentration of organic matter will reduce , and thus
reduces the potential nuisance of sewage.
When sewage of concentration C s flows at a rate Qs in to a
river stream with concentration CR flowing at a rate QR,
the concentration C of the resulting mixture is given by:

The concentrations in the sewage and river represents:

−oxygen content, - BOD, - Suspended sediments - Temp
−other characteristic contents of sewage
Cont…
Cont…
Sedimentation
 The settleable solids will settle down into the bed of the river, near
the outfall of sewage, thus, helping in the self purification process.
Sun-light
 The sun light has a bleaching and stabilizing effect of bacteria.
 It also helps certain micro-organisms to derive energy from it by a
process known as photosynthesis.
 The evolution of oxygen in river water due to sunlight will help in
achieving self-purification through oxidation.
Oxidation
 The oxidation of the organic matter present in sewage effluents will
start as soon as the sewage outfalls into the river water containing
dissolved oxygen.
 The deficiency of oxygen so created, will be filled up by the
atmospheric oxygen.
 The process of oxidation will continue till the organic matter has
been completely oxidized.
 Cont…
Reduction
 Reduction occurs due to hydrolysis of organic matter settled at
the bottom either chemically or biologically.
 Anaerobic bacteria will help in splitting the complex organic
con­stituents of sewage into liquids and gases, and thus paving
the way for their ultimate stabilization by oxidation.

The various factors on which these natural forces of

purification depend are:
i. Temperature (on biological activity and DO)
ii. Turbulence (re-aeration)
iii. Hydrograph such as the velocity and surface expanse of the river-
stream
iv. Available dissolved oxygen, and the amount and type of organic
matter present
v. Rate of re-aeration,
Zones of Pollution in a River/Stream

A polluted stream undergoing self-purification can

be divided into the following four zones:
1. Zone of degradation
2. Zone of active decomposition
3. Zone of recovery; and
4. Zone of cleaner water
Cont…
Zone of degradation or Zone of pollution
This zone is found for a certain length just below the
point where sewage is discharged into the river-stream.
This zone is characterized by:
◦ Water becoming dark and turbid with formation of sludge
deposits at the bottom.
◦ DO is reduced to about 40% of the saturation value (eg:
Saturation value at 30°c = 7.6 mg/l).
◦ Re-oxygenation (i.e. re-aeration) occurs but is slower than de-
oxygenation.
◦ Algae die out
◦ Bacteria count is high and increasing
◦ Lower species diversity
◦ Increase in number of individuals per species
◦ High BOD
 Cont…

Zone of active decomposition

This zone is marked by heavy pollution.
It is characterized by:
◦ Water becoming greyish and darker than the previous zone.
◦ DO concentration falls down to zero and anaerobic conditions
may set in with the evolution of gases like CH4, CO2, H2S, etc.
◦ the re-aeration sets in and DO again rises to the original level
(about 40%).
◦ BOD is high but decreasing
◦ In this zone, bacteria flora will increase.
◦ Protozoa and fungi will first disappear and then reappear.
◦ Fish life will be absent.
◦ Algae will also mostly be absent.
 Cont…
Zone of recovery
 The river stream tries to recover from its degraded
condition to its former appearance.
 The water becomes clearer, and so the algae reappear
while fungi decrease.
 BOD falls down and DO content rises above 40% of the
saturation value;
 Lower organic content
 Less turbid and lighter in color
 Number of bacteria decreases
 Protozoa, and large plants like Sponges, etc. reappear.
 The organic material will be mineralized to form nitrates,
sulphates, phosphates, carbonates, etc.
 Cont…
Zone of cleaner water
 The river attains its original conditions with DO rising up
to the saturation value.
 Water becomes attractive in appearance
 Game fish (which requires at least 4 to 5mg/l of DO) and
usual aquatic life prevails.
 Some pathogenic organisms may still survive and remain
present, which confirms the fact that:
◦ "when once river water has been polluted, it will not be
safe to drink it, unless it is properly treated."
Indices of Self-Purification
 The stage of self-purification process can be determined
by the:
◦ physical,
◦ chemical and
◦ biological analysis of the water
 Color and turbidity are the physical indices
 DO, BOD and suspended solids are the chemical indices
which can mark the stages of purification.
 The biological growth present in water can also indicate
the stage of purification process.
Cont…
The Oxygen Deficit of a Polluted River-Stream

 The oxygen deficit D at any time in a polluted river is the

difference between the actual DO content of water at that
time and the saturation DO content.

 The normal saturation DO value for fresh water varies

between 14.6mg/l to 7.6mg/l for temperature varying
between 0°c to 30°c at the water temperature; i.e.

 Inorder to maintain clean conditions in a river-stream, the

oxygen deficit must be nil, and this can be found out by
knowing the rates of de-oxygenation and re-oxygenation.
Cont…

Figure: Typical DO sag curve

 De-oxygenation Curve
 In a polluted stream, the DO content goes on reducing due
to decomposition of volatile organic matter.
 The rate of de-oxygenation depends upon the amount of
the organic matter remaining to be oxidized at the given
time (Lt) as well as on the temperature of reaction (T).
 Hence, at a given temperature, the curve showing
depletion of DO with time, i.e. de-oxygenation curve
(similar to the first stage BOD curve ).
 It can also be expressed mathematically as:
Re-oxygenation Curve
 In order to counter-balance the consumption of DO due to de-
oxygenation, atmosphere supplies oxygen to the water and
the process is called re-oxygenation.
 The rate at which the oxygen is supplied by the atmosphere to
the polluted water depends upon:
◦ the depth of the receiving water (rate is more in a shallow depth)
◦ the condition of the body of water (rate is more in a running stream
than in a quiescent pond)
◦ the saturation deficit or the oxygen deficit (i.e. the deficit of DO
below the saturation value);
◦ the temperature of water
 Depending upon these factors, the rate of re-oxygenation can
also be expressed mathematically and plotted in the form of a
curve called re-oxygenation curve (Refer curve II of the figure
below).
Cont…

Figure: Oxygen sag curve

Oxygen Deficit Curve
 In a running polluted stream exposed to the atmosphere,
the de-oxygenation as well as the re-oxygenation go
hand in hand.
 If de-oxygenation is more rapid than the re ­oxygenation,
an oxygen deficit will result.
 The amount of resultant oxygen deficit can be obtained
by algebraically adding the de-oxygenation and re-
oxygenation curves.
 The resultant curve so obtained is called the oxygen sag
curve or the oxygen deficit curve.
 From this curve, the oxygen deficit and oxygen balance
(i.e. 100 - D) percent in a stream after a certain lapse of
time, can be found out.
 Cont…
 When the de-oxygenation rate exceeds the re-oxygenation rate, the
oxygen sag curve shows increasing deficit of oxygen;
 When both the rates become equal, the critical point is reached,
 When the rate of de-oxygenation falls below that of re-
oxygenation, the oxygen deficit goes on decreasing till becoming
zero.
 The entire analysis of super-imposing the rates of de-oxygenation
and re-oxygenation have been carried out mathematically, as
suggested by Streeter-Phelps equation; i.e.,

Where, Dt = the DO deficit in mg/l after t days.

L = Ultimate first stage BOD of the mix at the point of waste
discharge
Do = Initial oxygen deficit of the mix at the mixing point in mg/l.
Cont…
 KD = De-oxygenation coefficient for the wastewater,
= BOD rate constant determined in the laboratory,
- varies with temperature as:

 The typical values of KD(20) vary between 0.1 to 0.2,

generally taken as 0.1.
 KR = Re-oxygenation coefficient for the stream.

 KR varies with temperature as per the equation:

Cont…
 Where, KR(T) is the KR value at T°c and KR(20) is the KR
value at 20°c.
 Typical values of KR(20) are given in the table.

S.No. Type of water body Value of KR(20) per day

l Small ponds and back waters 0.05 - 0.10
Sluggish streams, large lakes and
2 0.10 - 0.15
impounding reservoirs
3 Large stream of low velocity 0.15 - 0.20
4 Large streams of normal velocity 0.20 - 0.30
5 Swift streams 0.30 - 0.50
6 Rapids and waterfalls Over 0.5
Cont…
 Thecritical time (tc) after which the minimum dissolved
oxygen occurs can be found by differentiating

and equating it to zero; which on solving gives

 The critical or maximum oxygen deficit is given by:

Cont…
 The constant is sometimes represented by f,
called self-purification constant, the values of
which are given in the table below.
S.No Type of water body Value of ‘f’
l Small ponds and back waters 0.5 - 1.0
Sluggish streams, large lakes and
2 1.0 - 1.5
impounding reservoirs
3 Large stream of low velocity 1.5 - 2.0
4 Large streams of normal velocity 2.0 - 3.0
5 Swift streams 3.0 - 5.0
6 Rapids and waterfalls Over 5.0
Cont…
 Using as f, the tc equation becomes:

 and Dc equation becomes:

 Taking log, we get

Cont…
 Substituting the value of tc
Cont…
L - the BOD of the mixture of sewage and stream,
 f (KD and KR) corresponds to the temperature of the
mixture of sewage and stream at the outfall.
 The above equations are of practical value:
◦ in predicting the oxygen content at any point along a
stream,
◦ in estimating the degree of wastewater treatment
required,
◦ or in estimating the amount of dilution necessary in
order to maintain a certain DO in the stream.
Examples
1. The sewage of a town is to be discharged into a
river stream. The quantity of sewage produced
per day is 8 million liters, and its BOD is 250mg It.
If the discharge in the river is 200l/s and its BOD
is 6mg/l, find out the BOD of the diluted water.
 Solution

2. What should be the river discharge if it is desired

to reduce the BOD of diluted water to 20mg/l.
Examples
3. A city discharges 1500 litres per second of sewage
into a stream whose minimum rate of flow is 6000
litres per second. The temperature of sewage as
well as water is 20°c. The 5 day BOD at 20°c for
sewage is 200mg/l and that of river water is 1mg/l.
The DO content of sewage is zero, and that of the
stream is 90% of the saturation DO If the minimum
DO to be maintained in the stream is 4.5 mg/l, find
out the degree of sewage treatment, required.
Assume the de-oxygenation coefficient as 0.1 and
re-oxygenation coefficient as 0.3. Saturation DO
value at 20°c = 9.17mg/l
 Solution
Examples
4. A city discharges 100 cumecs of sewage into a
river, which is fully saturated with oxygen and
flowing at the rate of 1500 cumecs during its lean
days with a velocity of 0.1m/sec. The 5-days BOD
of sewage at the given temperature is 280mg/l.
Find when and where the critical DO deficit will
occur in the downstream portion of the river, and
what is its amount? Assume coefficient of purifica­
tion of the stream (f) as 4.0 and coefficient of de-
oxygenation (KD as 0.1). Let the saturation
DO at the given temp = 9.2mg/l.
 Solution
Examples
5. A waste water effluent of 560 l/s with a BOD = 50mg/l,
DO = 3.0 mg/l and temperature of 23°c enters a river
where the flow is 28m3/sec, and BOD = 4.0 mg/l, DO =
8.2mg/l, and temperature of 17°c. K1 of the waste is
0.10 per day at 20°c. The velocity of water in the river
downstream is 0.18m/s and depth of 1.2m.
 Determine the following after mixing of waste water
with the river water:
◦ Combined discharge
◦ BOD
◦ DO
◦ Temperature
 Solution
Cont…
Cont…
Cont…