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Impulse Momentum
Impulse Momentum
or
d
F mv mv
dt
d
dt
G G
Fx G x Fy G y Fz G z
Here the linear momentum at time t2 is G2=mv2 and the linear momentum at
time t1 is G1=mv1. The product of force and time is defined as the linear
impulse of the force, and this equation states that the total linear impulse
on m equals the corresponding change in linear momentum of m.
Alternatively, we may write
G1 Fdt G2
I
which says that the initial linear momentum of the body plus the linear impulse
applied to it equals its final linear momentum.
G 2 mv 2
m v1
+ =
G1 mv1
Fdt
The impulse integral is a vector which, in general, we may involve changes in
both magnitude and direction during the time interval.
Under these
conditions, it will be necessary to express
F and G in component form
and then combine the integrated components. The components become the
scalar equations, which are independent of one another.
t2
F dt mv
t1
x
x 2 mv x 1 G x2 G x1 G x
t2
F dt mv mv
t1
y y 2 y 1 G y2 G y1 G y
t2
F dt mv
t1
z z 2 mv z 1 G z 2 G z1 G z
There are cases where a force acting on a particle changes with the time in a
If, for example, a force acting on a particle in a given direction changes with
t2
the time as indicated in the figure, the impulse,
t1
F dt , of this force from
G 0 G1 G2
mv1 mv2
1. The 200-kg lunar lander is descending onto the moon’s surface with a
velocity of 6 m/s when its retro-engine is fired. If the engine produces a
thrust T for 4 s which varies with the time as shown and then cuts off,
calculate the velocity of the lander when t=5 s, assuming that it has not yet
landed. Gravitational acceleration at the moon’s surface is 1.62 m/s 2.
SOLUTION
m 200 kg , v1 6 m / s , t 5 s, mg
g 1.62 m / s 2 , v2 ?
motion
Fdt mv2 mv1
1
mg (5) (800) 2 (800)2 200 v2 6
2 + T
1620 800 1600 200 v2 6
v2 6 3.9
v2 2.1 m / s
PROBLEMS
2. The 9-kg block is moving to the right with a velocity of 0.6 m/s on a
horizontal surface when a force P is applied to it at time t=0. Calculate the
velocity v of the block when t=0.4 s. The kinetic coefficient of friction is
k=0.3.
SOLUTION y
motion
x
W=mg
P
F y 0 N mg 0 N Ff=kN
N 9(9.81) 88.3 N F f k N 0.3(88.3)
in x direction
t
Fdt mv mv
0
2 1
3. A tennis player strikes the tennis ball with her racket while the ball is still
rising. The ball speed before impact with the racket is v 1=15 m/s and after
impact its speed is v2=22 m/s, with directions as shown in the figure. If the
60-g ball is in contact with the racket for 0.05 s, determine the magnitude of
the average force R exerted by the racket on the ball. Find the angle made
by R with the horizontal.
SOLUTION y
v2 y v2
in x direction
20°
v2 x
t
F dt mv
0
x 2 x mv1 x
10° v
1x
x
Rx t 0
0.05
0.06 22 cos 20 0.06 15 cos10 v1 y v1
0.05R x 2.127 R x 42.53 N W=mg
in y direction
t Rx
F dt mv
0
y 2 y mv1 y
4. The 40-kg boy has taken a running jump from the upper surface and lands
on his 5-kg skateboard with a velocity of 5 m/s in the plane of the figure as
shown. If his impact with the skateboard has a time duration of 0.05 s,
determine the final speed v along the horizontal surface and the total normal
force N exerted by the surface on the skateboard wheels during the impact.
PROBLEMS
y (mB+mS)g
N
Linear momentum is conserved in x-direction;
mB vBx mS vSx mB mS v
40 5 cos 30 0 40 5 v v 3.85 m / s
in y direction 0.05
m B v By mS v Sy N m
0
B mS g dt 0
y
The velocity of the particle is v r
, and its linear momentum is G mv . The
moment of the linear momentum vector m v about the origin O is defined as
the angular momentum H O of P about O and is given by the cross-product
relation for the moment of a vector
H o r mv r G
The angular momentum is a vector perpendicular to the plane A defined by r
and v . The sense of H O is clearly defined by the right-hand rule for cross
products.
The scalar components of angular momentum may be obtained from the
expansion
H o r mv
i j k
Ho m x y z m yv z zv y i m zv x xv z j m xv y yv x k
vx vy vz
so that
H ox m yv z zv y H oy m zv x xv z
H oz m xv y yv x
Mo r
F r mv
We now differentiate H o r mv with time, using the rule for the
differentiation of a cross product and obtain
d
H o r mv r m
v r m v
dt
r mr 0 m a
Mo
The term mv is zero since the cross product of parallel vectors is zero.
v
Substitution into the expression for moment about O gives
M o Ho
M ox H ox
M oy H oy M oz H oz
The Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle
To obtain the effect of the moment on the angular momentum of the particle
over a finite period of time, we integrate
M o H o from time t to t .
1 2
t2 Ho 2
M o dt
dH o H o
2 Ho 1
H o
t1 1
Ho
or
t2
r2 mv2 r1 mv1 H o
M o dt
t1 change in angular momentum
total angular impulse
The total angular impulse on m about the fixed point O equals the
corresponding change in angular momentum of m about O.
Alternatively, we may write
t2
H o 1 M o dt H o 2
t1
Plane-Motion Application
M
t1
o dt H o 2 H o 1
t2
Fr sindt mv d
t1
2 2 mv1d1
Conservation of Angular Momentum
H o 0 H O1 H O2
1. The assembly starts from rest and reaches an angular speed of 150
rev/min under the action of a 20 N force T applied to the string for t
seconds. Determine t. Neglect friction and all masses except those of the
four 3-kg spheres, which may be treated as particles.
SOLUTION
v
t2 v
t1
M z dt H z2 H z1
2
0.1 t 4 3 0.4 150 0.4
20 v
v
T r m r 60
pulley sphere link z
v sphere
t 15.08 s
PROBLEMS
2. A pendulum consists of two 3.2 kg concentrated masses positioned as
shown on a light but rigid bar. The pendulum is swinging through the vertical
position with a clockwise angular velocity =6 rad/s when a 50-g bullet
traveling with velocity v=300 m/s in the direction shown strikes the lower
mass and becomes embedded in it. Calculate the angular velocity which the
pendulum has immediately after impact and find the maximum deflection of
the pendulum.
SOLUTION
Angular momentum is conserved during impact; (2)
t
0
M O dt H O2 H O1 0 , H O1 H O2
MO 0 r mv 1 r mv 2
(1)
0.050 300 0.4 cos 20 3.2 0.2 2 6 3.2 0.4 2 6 0.050 3.2 0.4 2 3.2 0.2 2
1 v1´
2.77 rad / s (ccw) 2
v2 ´
O
´
v2
2
1
v1
SOLUTION
1 v1 ´
2
v2 ´
O
´
v2
2
1
v1
1
0.05 3.2 0.4 2.77 2 1 3.2 0.2 2.77 2 3.2 0.2 9.81 3.2 0.05 0.4 9.81
2 2
0 3.2 0.2 9.81 cos 3.2 0.05 0.4 9.81 cos
52.1o