Limit and Continuity

of Functions
TIP-UB
Limit of Functions
TIP-UB
 What’s Limit?
• Consider the function defined by
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏
𝒙−𝟏
• Note that it is not defined at 𝑥 = 1 since at this
0
point 𝑓 𝑥 has the form , which is meaningless.
0
But, however we can still ask what is happening
to 𝑓 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 1.
• More precisely, is 𝒇 𝒙 approaches some
spesific number as as 𝒙 approaches 1?
 What’s Limit?

Approaches
the equation
from x>1

Approaches
the equation
from x<1

So, from the table of values and graph of 𝑦, we have assembled seems to
point to the conclusion: 𝒇 𝒙 approaches 3 as 𝒙 approaches 1. In
mathematical symbol, we write:
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟑
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏
 Limit Theorem
• Let n be a positif integer, k be a constant, and f and g be
functions that have limit at c. Then
 Examples
1. Find lim 2𝑥 4
𝑥→3
Answer:

𝑥 2 +9
2. Find lim
𝑥→4 𝑥
Answer:
Try!
3
• If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 5 and lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 64, find lim 𝑓 2 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

• limx2 x2(2x – 3)
1
• lim (5x2 + 3x – 2) 2
𝑥→3
• lim (3x+3) 4
𝑥→3

𝑥+2
• lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 +4
 Solution of Limit
• Steps to find the solution of limits function :
(1) Direct substitution
(2) Factorization

(1) Direct substitution

Find the limit value of lim [ 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 3 ]!
𝑥→0
First solution: lim [ 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 3 ] = lim [2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 −
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
 Solution of Limit
2. Factorization
In many cases, Limit Theorem can’t be applied because substitution
c causes both the numerator and denominator to be 0. In cases like
this, it sometimes happens that the function can be simplified, for
example by factoring.
Example:
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−10 0
lim = (with substitute 𝑥 = 2 to the function). So we
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 0
need to factorized the function.
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−10 𝑥−2 𝑥+5 𝑥+5 2+5 7
Solution: lim 2 = lim = lim = =
𝑥→2 𝑥 +𝑥−6 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥+3 𝑥→2 𝑥+3 2+3 5
Try
Try
 Limit at Infinity
Now, we ask for the value of lim 𝑔 𝑥 and lim 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞
𝑥 𝑥
• Let 𝑔 𝑥 = , so what is the value of lim 2?
1+𝑥 2 𝑥→∞ 1+𝑥
• Solution:
Here we use the standard trick:divide the numerator and
denominator by the highest power of x appears in denominator,
that is 𝑥 2 . Then

The same trick do for asking the value of lim 𝑔 𝑥

𝑥→−∞
Try!
Limits Involving Trigonometric
Functions

Special Trigonometric Limits

Examples
Find each limit
Solution
Try!
 One-sided Limit
There are two kinds of one-sided limit:
• Right-hand limit
Let the symbol 𝑥 → 𝑐 + mean that 𝑥 approaches c from the right.
Example:
lim + 𝑥 + 2 = −2 + 2 = 0
𝑥→−2
• Left-hand limit
Let the symbol 𝑥 → 𝑐 − mean that 𝑥 approaches c from the left.
Example:
lim − 𝑥 + 2 = −2 + 2 = 0
𝑥→−2
Then, lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 if lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
From examples above, we can say that lim 𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝑥→−2
Because lim + 𝑥 + 2 = lim − 𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2
So, limit of a function is said to be exist if 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
 One-sided Limit
Try!

𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
Continuity of
Functions
FTP-TIP-UB
 What’s Continuity?
• In mathematics and science, we use the word continuous to
describe a process that goes on without abrupt changes.
• See the figure below

There are three thing for functions are said continuous at c:

Example
𝑥 2 −4
• Let 𝑓 𝑥 = .How should 𝑓 be defined at 𝑥 = 2 in order
𝑥−2
to make it continuous there?
Solution
𝑥2 − 4 𝑥−2 𝑥+2
lim = lim = lim 𝑥 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 4
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2
Therefore we defined 𝑓 2 = 4.

See the figure!

Try
• For the functions below, state whether the indicated function
is continuous at 3. If it isn’t continuous, tell why!
Menghitung kecepatan
Apabila 𝑓 𝑡 merupakan fungsi yang menyatakan keadaan obyek
dan 𝛿 menyatakan bilangan yang sangat kecil, maka kecepatan
sesaat benda setelah waktu 𝑡 = 𝑎 adalah
𝑓 𝑡+𝛿 −𝑓 𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = lim
𝛿→0 𝛿
Contoh 1
Pertambahan jumlah limbah padat pada perusahaan A dalam 12
bulan pertama dapat dinyatakan dalam fungsi 𝑏 𝑡 = (1400𝑡 2 +
2,5) kg dengan 𝑡 dalam bulan. Tentukan kecepatan pertambahan
limbah padat setelah 6 bulan
Contoh 2
Seorang karyawan bagian Quality Assurance (QA) melakukan
penelitian mengenai jumlah cemaran/mikroba dalam makanan.
Banyaknya mikroba dalam makanan selama 180 hari pengamatan
dapat dinyatakan dalam fungsi 𝑚 𝑡 = 1.5𝑡 2 + 0.5 𝑚𝑔, dimana
makanan tersebut dikatakan kadaluarsa jika kecepatan
pertumbuhan mikroba mencapai 60 mg/hari. Tentukan berapa
lama (hari) makanan tersebut mencapai tanggal kadaluarsa?
Try!

𝑥−3
lim
𝑥→3 𝑥2 − 9